We synthesize the literature on recent rise of populism. First, we discuss definitions and present descriptive evidence increase in support for populists. Second, cover historical evolution populist regimes since late nineteenth century. Third, role secular economic factors related to cross-border trade automation. Fourth, review studies 2008–09 global financial crisis subsequent austerity, con...

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) seek to achieve economic, social, and environmental progress globally. However, trade-offs among these three pillars might occur, particularly in the context of cities. We argue that exist because traditional factors production for economic welfare are not always relevant other dimensions city sustainability. Consequently, additional needed facilitate 2030 a...

The viral envelope glycoproteins are essential for entry into their host cells and studied extensively for designing vaccines. We hypothesize that the glycosylation on the HIV-1 viral envelope glycoprotein 41(gp41) at critical residues offers viral escape from the specific immune surveillant neutralizing antibodies Z13, 4E10 and 10E8 targeted to their linear epitopes in the Membrane Proximal Ex...

In a principal–agent framework, principals can mitigate moral hazard problems not only through extrinsic incentives such as monitoring, but also through agents’ intrinsic trustworthiness. Their relative usage, however, changes over time and varies across societies. This paper attempts to explain this phenomenon by endogenizing agent trustworthiness as a response to potential returns. It …nds th...

Direct Evidence on Income Comparisons and their Welfare Effects This paper provides unheard direct evidence that comparisons exert a significant effect on subjective well-being. It also evaluates the relative importance of different types of benchmarks. Dynamic comparisons outweigh static ones. Internal benchmarks are more important than external reference groups. Local comparisons (to parents,...

Using a unique dataset composed of female employees at a large medical organization, this paper explores the role of social interactions among female co-workers and neighbors in the decision to obtain breast cancer screening exams. In our theoretical framework, the experience of other women is salient because it alters the tolerance for ambiguity about their own vulnerability, via a comparative...

Norms play an important role in shaping behavior, but our understanding of norm formation is incomplete. This paper views norms as shared values. In the model, players choose values, motivated by economic considerations and, crucially, also by the desire for esteem. The comparative statics are driven by the following tension: players obtain more esteem from peers if they conform; but they may o...

Based on first-hand account, this paper offers evidence on price setting and price adjustment mechanisms that were illegally employed under the Soviet planning and rationing regime. The evidence is anecdotal, and is based on personal experience during the years 1960–1971 in the Republic of Georgia. The description of the social organization of the black markets and other illegal economic activi...

JEL Classification: J24, M12, Z13 We examine the role of peers, commanders, and travel on the later life outcomes of black slaves and freemen who fought in the Union Army. Because most of the black soldiers who served were illiterate farm workers, the war exposed them to a much broader world. In this sense, the Union Army can be viewed as a training program with heterogeneous treatment effects....