We analyze a variant of the coupon collector’s problem, in which the probabilities of obtaining coupons and the numbers of coupons in a collection may be non-uniform. We obtain a finite expression for the generating function of the probabilities to complete a collection and show how this generalizes several previous results about the coupon collector’s problem. Also, we provide applications abo...

Italian soldiers carrying their skis marching up snow-covered mountain trails. Some of the most ferocious mountain warfare to date occurred during World War I between Italian and Austrian armies, far outstripping mountain battles in other wars. This photograph was taken in April, when the snow had been softened by the warmer rays of the sun and the path made almost impassable by the slush. The ...

BACKGROUND The performance in master marathoners has been investigated in flat city marathons but not in mountain marathons. This study examined changes in the sex differences in performance across time in female and male master runners competing in a mountain marathon compared to a flat city marathon. METHODS The association between age and performance of finishers in the Jungfrau Marathon, ...

Panax ginseng is the most widely used herbal medicine for improving cognitive functions. The pharmacological activity and underlying mechanisms of mountain-cultivated ginseng, however, have yet to be clearly elucidated, in particular, against trimethyltin-induced cognitive dysfunction. We previously reported that interleukin-6 plays a protective role against trimethyltin-induced cognitive dysfu...

Effects of landfall location and approach angle on track deflection associated with a tropical cyclone (TC) passing over an idealized and Central Appalachian Mountain is investigated by a series of idealized numerical experiments. When the TC landfalls on the central portion of the mountain range, it is deflected to the south upstream, passes over the mountain anticyclonically, and then moves w...

The age of the best marathon performance has been well investigated for flat city marathon running, but not for mountain marathon running. The aim of this study was to determine the age of the best mountain marathon performance and to compare to results of a flat city marathon. Race times and ages of finishers of a mountain marathon with 1,830 m of altitude change (Jungfrau Marathon, Switzerlan...

Abstract—Determination of genetic variation is useful for plant breeding and hence production of more efficient plant species under different conditions, like drought stress. In this study a sample of 28 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of wheat developed from the cross of Norstar and Zagross varieties, together with their parents, were evaluated for two years (2010-2012) under normal and water ...

In pursuit of strong shikalkin-producing cell lines, seeds of the Iranian Arnebia euchroma were collected from Dena altitudes in the central Zagross. Chemical analysis showed that the dried root of the plant contained about 8.5% (w/w) shikalkin pigment. The root explants of the young plantlets, obtained from the germinated seeds, were used for establishing callus. Then, parameters effective on ...

Philippe Sarrazin SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 David Blake NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035 Marc Gailhanou CNRS, IM2NP UMR, Marseille, France Philippe Walter Sorbonne Universités, CNRS-UPMC, LAMS, Paris, France Emile Schyns PHOTONIS France SAS, Avenue Roger Roncier, 19100 Brive, France Franck Marchis SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA 94043 Kathy Thompson SETI Instit...

The United Nations has declared the year 2002 as the «International Year of Mountains». This fact alone underlines the importance of mountain regions in various respects: ◆ Mountains make up 24% of the Earth’s total landmass ◆ All major rivers and 60–80% of the Earth’s freshwater resources originate in mountain regions ◆ Mountain forests account for 28% of the Earth’s total forested area ◆ Moun...