Cyclin T1 (CycT1) is a cellular transcription elongation factor that also participates in Tat-mediated activation of several lentiviral promoters. In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), CycT1 is required for Tat to bind tightly to TAR and interacts in the ternary complex via its Tat-TAR recognition motif (TRM). In the related bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV), Tat recognizes its cognate TAR e...

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a major target in graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). In rodents both tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and Fas-dependent apoptosis have been shown to play a major role in GvHD lesions, but data in humans on TNF and Fas in situ expression are scarce. More recently, the role of non-T cells as GvHD effectors has also been suggested in experimental models. Here we report...

The computer simulation of stochastic reaction-diffusion processes in biology is often done using either compartment-based (spatially discretized) simulations or molecular-based (Brownian dynamics) approaches. Compartment-based approaches can yield quick and accurate mesoscopic results but lack the level of detail that is characteristic of the more computationally intensive molecular-based mode...

The nature and anatomic location of the protective memory CD8(+) T cell subset induced by intranasal vaccination remain poorly understood. We developed a vaccination model to assess the anatomic location of protective memory CD8(+) T cells and their role in lower airway infections. Memory CD8(+) T cells elicited by local intranasal, but not systemic, vaccination with an engineered non-replicati...

In recent years Social Tagging (ST) has become a popular functionality in social learning environments, not least because tags support the exchange of users’ knowledge representations, a process called social sensemaking. An important design feature of ST-Systems (STS) is the tag recommendation service. Several principles for tag recommendation mechanisms (TRM) have been proposed, which are bui...

Effluent concentration of chloride and two pesticides (prometon and atrazine) were measured during column displacement experiments at two water flow rates. A constant suction of approximately 1300 Pa was maintained in the packed soil columns which were positioned vertically on top of a vacuum chamber enclosing an automatic fraction collector. Measured breakthrough curves (BTC’s) were analyzed i...

Pharmacogenomics can explain the inter-individual differences in response to drugs, including methotrexate (MTX) used for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) prophylaxis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In real-world practice, preplanned MTX dose is arbitrarily modified according to observed toxicity which can lead to unexpected and severe aGVHD development. We aimed t...

We assessed the efficacy of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TRM/SMX) in vivo in relation to the frequency of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and dihydropteroate synthase (dhps) alleles in 45 Sudanese malaria patients. Plasma levels of TRM, SMX, and acetylsulfamethoxazole (AcSMX) were measured before treatment and at days 3, 7, and 14 or upon recrudescence to ascertain drug absorption. Forty patie...

The brain is not routinely surveyed by lymphocytes and is defined as an immuno-privileged site. However, viral infection of the brain results in the infiltration and long-term persistence of pathogen-specific CD8(+) T cells. These cells survive without replenishment from the circulation and are referred to as resident memory T cells (Trm). Brain Trm selectively express the integrin CD103, the e...