Presynaptic inhibition is one of the major control mechanisms in the CNS. Previously we reported that adenosine A1 receptors mediate presynaptic inhibition at the retinotectal synapse of goldfish. Here we extend these findings to metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) and report that presynaptic inhibition produced by both A1 adenosine receptors and group II mGluRs is due to G(i) protein cou...

Clostridium botulinum is a genetically diverse Gram-positive bacterium producing extremely potent neurotoxins (botulinum neurotoxins A through G [BoNT/A-G]). The complete genome sequences of three strains harboring only the BoNT/A1 nucleotide sequence are publicly available. Although these strains contain a toxin cluster (HA(+) OrfX(-)) associated with hemagglutinin genes, little is known about...

A mammalian A-type cyclin, cyclin A1, is highly expressed in testes of both human and mouse and targeted mutagenesis in the mouse has revealed the unique requirement for cyclin A1 in the progression of male germ cells through the meiotic cell cycle. While very low levels of cyclin A1 have been reported in the human hematopoietic system and brain, the sites of elevated levels of expression of hu...

In contrast to numerous studies of transcallosal communication in visual and somatosensory cortices, the functional properties of interhemispheric connections between auditory cortical fields have not been widely scrutinized. Therefore, the purpose of the present investigation was to measure the magnitude and type (inhibitory/excitatory) of modulatory properties of core auditory fields on contr...

von Willebrand factor׳s (VWF) primary hemostatic responsibility is to deposit platelets at sites of vascular injury to prevent bleeding. This function is mediated by the interaction between the VWF A1 domain and the constitutively active platelet receptor, GPIbα. The crystal structure of the A1 domain harboring the von Willebrand disease (vWD) type 2M mutation p.Gly1324Ser has been recently pub...

The variations knowledge of the cerebral arterial circle (CAC) is relevant due to its influence on development ischemic encephalic disorders. Among these variations, when external diameter posterior communicating artery exceeds caliber, we have a fetal conformation this circle. aim study was describe CAC in Chilean individuals and know type conformation. Thirty adult brains were used measure le...

The B-cell-type specificity of the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain and light-chain promoters is mediated by an octanucleotide (OCTA) element, ATGCAAAT, that is also a functional component of other RNA polymerase II promoters, such as snRNA and histone H2B promoters. Two nuclear proteins that bind specifically and with high affinity to the OCTA element have been identified. NF-A1 is present in a...

A topologically conserved residue in alpha-helix 6 of domain II of human glutathione transferase (hGST) A1-1 was mutated to investigate its contribution to protein stability and the unfolding pathway. The replacement of Leu-164 with alanine (L164A) did not impact on the functional and gross structural properties of native hGST A1-1. The wild-type protein unfolds via a three-state pathway in whi...

The aneurysm arising from fenestrated proximal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) is considered to be unique. The authors report a case of a 59-year-old woman who presented with a subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) secondary to a ruptured aneurysm originating from the fenestrated A1 segment of right ACA. The patient had another unruptured aneurysm which was located at the right middle cerebral artery bi...

In this study it was aimed to improve impregnability of spruce (Picea orientalis L.) wood with bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis A1) pretreatment, using copper/chromium/arsenic Type C (CCA-C) and copper azole Type A (CBA-A). The effects of Bacillus licheniformis A1 on weight loss, copper uptake, and compression strength of samples were determined. Weight loss was slightly changed by bacterial de...