The history of women in surgery in Western civilization dates to 3500 before common era (BCE) and Queen Shubad of Ur. Ancient history reveals an active role of women in surgery in Egypt, Italy and Greece as detailed in surgical texts of the time. During the middle ages, regulations forbade women from practising surgery unless they assumed their husbands' practices upon their deaths or unless th...

The region of the Middle East is highly conflict-loaded. The absence of one distinct regional power may be considered both cause and consequence of this structural feature. At the same time, there are significant power gaps between states in the Middle East, with Israel among the most powerful actors and accordingly defined as a potential regional power. Due to the specific empirical setting of...

Additional discussion of when a server should and should not advertise the STARTTLS extension (section 5) More discussion of the man-in-the-middle attacks (sections 5 and 7) Clarified section 5.1 on verifying certificates Added section 5.3, STARTTLS on the Submission Port Bug fix in the example in section 6 to indicate that the client needs to issue a new EHLO command, as already is described i...

BACKGROUND Texas does not require health education or tobacco use prevention education (TUPE) in its middle schools. During planning for the Texas Tobacco Prevention Initiative, this baseline research was conducted to (1) describe tobacco prevention and control practices in middle schools prior to the pilot, (2) analyze implementation of a state law prohibiting tobacco use on campuses and at sc...

This study tests the hypothesis that undergraduates who peer teach genetics will have greater understanding of genetic and molecular biology concepts as a result of their teaching experiences. Undergraduates enrolled in a non-majors biology course participated in a service-learning program in which they led middle school (MS) or high school (HS) students through a case study curriculum to disco...

INTRODUCTION Few dissemination evaluations exist to document the effectiveness of evidence-based childhood obesity interventions outside the research setting. OBJECTIVE Evaluate Healthy Choices (HC), a multi-component obesity prevention program, by examining school-level changes in weight-related behaviors and weight status and the association of implementation components with odds of overwei...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether a school-based health promotion program affects children's weekend physical activity and whether this effect varies according to socioeconomic-status. METHODS This was a quasi-experimental trial of school-based programs on physical activity levels implemented in disadvantaged neighborhoods in Alberta, Canada. In 2009 and 2011, 7 full days of pedometer data were ...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To identify trends in medical school otolaryngology curriculum requirements. STUDY DESIGN Survey of United States allopathic medical schools. METHODS A survey was sent to deans of curriculum at allopathic medical schools. We identified opportunities for medical students to learn basic concepts in otolaryngology during their undergraduate medical training. The opportuni...

The option to obtain a General Education Development (GED) certificate changes the incentives facing high school students. This paper evaluates the effect of three different GED policy innovations on high school graduation rates. A six point decrease in the GED pass rate due to an increase in passing standards produced a 1.3 point decline in overall dropout rates. The introduction of a GED cert...