It is estimated globally 3.2 million children were living with HIV in 2014, that mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the majority of them infected to HIV from their mothers during pregnancy, during delivery or breastfeeding (1). Antiretroviral therapy (ART) use during and after pregnancy is essential for prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV (2).  In the absence of any in...

The role of the sensitivity of bone marrow cells to, and the pharmacokinetics of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on the rhythm of leukocyte-increasing effect was investigated in ICR male mice housed under a standardized light-dark cycle (lights on at 0700, off at 1900). A significant circadian rhythm was demonstrated for leukocyte counts at 24 hr after G-CSF (250 microg/kg, s.c.) ...

This article presents two 3D historical enriched models projects; Nantes 1900 and Virtual Leodium. They are both based on mock-ups realised in the early 20th century. They share the same goal; creating participatory and evolutionary historical knowledge models, built on a 3D virtual copy of original mock-ups. Both projects are described and compared with specific highlight on methodological sim...

hypoglycemic agent along with metformin. Although the management of diabetes was attempted by the “experts” of the Pharaoah of Egypt 3500 years ago and by Shushruta, the modern times efforts began only in the in the early 1900. In the year 1937, hypoglycemic activity of sulfur compounds was noted, and five years later, Michel Janbon noted hypoglycemia while using antibiotic para amino sulfonami...

Examination of Coeliac Society records from eight areas of England has shown that the number of members rose with birth dates from 1900 to 1972, apart from a decline between 1941 to 1962, and then fell steeply. The steep decline in the number of members with birth dates after 1972 is unexplained, and is unlikely to be accounted for by change in diagnostic practice or registration and may reflec...

Poleward ocean heat transport is a key process in the earth system. We detail and review northward Atlantic Water (AW) flow, Arctic Ocean transport, loss to atmosphere since 1900 relation sea ice cover. Our synthesis largely based on ice-ocean model forced by reanalysis (1900–2018) corroborated comprehensive hydrographic database (1950–), AW inflow observations (1996–), other long-term time ser...

During the twentieth century, life expectancy rose significantly across the globe due to improvements in public health and overall living conditions.[1] By 1950, life expectancy in most of today's developed countries had increased by an average of 20 years. In 1900, Japan's life expectancy was 43 years; today that country boasts the highest in the world at 83. The United States entered the last...

True median cleft of the upper and lower lip occurs very rarely. Complete or partial facial duplication is an extremely rare malformation. Approximately 26 cases have been reported since 1900, spanning a wide spectrum of clinical severity. Most cases appear to share a number of features, including cleft palate, duplication of the tongue, orbital hypertelorism and macrostomia. An unusual patient...

As is well known, the foundation of exact yellow fever prophylaxis was laid in June, 1900, by Army Surgeons Reed, Carroll, Agramonte, and Lazear, who were sent to Cuba to study yellow fever. In Havana, these observers found that already Dr. C. J. Finlay had, as early as 1881, enunciated the theory in no uncertain manner of the propagation of yellow fever by the mosquito; and influenced both by ...