Since Soeharto’s New Order, the 1950s have been represented in Indonesian historiography as ‘the road to disaster’, when the country was torn apart by regional rebellions and rising political tensions between right and left, which were mainly attributed to the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Indonesian Communist Party).2 This image is now being challenged and much more work needs to be done to i...

Embryonic images displayed in Life magazine during the mid-twentieth century serve as a representation of technological advances and the growing public interest in the stages of embryological development. These black-and-white photographs portray skeletal structures and intact bodies of chicken [6] embryos and human embryos and fetuses obtained from collections belonging to universities and med...

Afew puzzles relating to a small fraction of my endeavors in the 1950s are summarized herein, with answers to a few questions of the Editor-in-Chief, to suggest that the rules of variability in time complement the rules of genetics as a biological variability in space. I advocate to replace truisms such as a relative constancy or homeostasis, that have served bioscience very well for very long....

The author describes how he came to be employed, in 1957, as a programmer at Nelson Research Laboratories (Stafford), then the hub of the English Electric Company’s software activities, at a time when the throughput of the English Electric DEUCE computer had just been potentially improved by doubling the amount of data that could be punched on each Hollerith input card, necessitating a correspo...

It is unusual to re-visit a paper a half-century after first reading it, as I have done with the classic publication of Per Scholander, Raymond Hock, Vladimir Walters and Lawrence Irving published in The Biological Bulletin in 1950 (Scholander et al., 1950). My first reading of this paper, and others by Scholander and colleagues on temperature adaptation in aquatic and terrestrial ectotherms (S...

The forces that have shaped American medicine include a wide set of interrelated changes, among them the changing research, development, and marketing practices of the pharmaceutical industry. This article compares the research and development (R&D) and marketing strategies of the British group Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI, whose Pharmaceutical Division was spun off and merged with the Swe...

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, the elite world of institutional British science attempted to take control of the BBC's management of science broadcasting. Delegations of scientists met BBC managers to propose an increased role for scientists in planning science broadcasts to a degree that threatened to compromise the BBC's authority and autonomy. The culmination was a set of proposals to th...

background: plasmapheresis is a well-recognised method for harvestingplasma.  it was introduced in the 1950s and is currently employed worldwide.  this method has been in use in iran since 1979.   objective: to evaluate the efficacy of donor safety program used at the iranian blood transfusion organization.   methods: a comparison is made of the protein concentrations between the first-time and...