In this chapter an equilibrium-based set-theoretic approach to mathematical abstraction and axiomatization is presented for resolving the LAFIP paradox (Ch. 1) and for enabling logically definable causality (Ch. 2). Bipolar set theory is formally presented, which leads to YinYang bipolar dynamic logic (BDL). BDL in zeroth-order, 1st-order, and modal forms are presented with four pairs of dynami...

The paradoxes of self-reference are genuinely paradoxical. The liar paradox, Russell’s paradox and their cousins pose enormous difficulties to anyone who seeks to give a comprehensive theory of semantics, or of sets, or of any other domain which allows a modicum of self-reference and a modest number of logical principles. One approach to the paradoxes of self-reference takes these paradoxes as ...

Among lean populations, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rare. Among those with increased adiposity, CVD is the commonest cause of worldwide death. The "obesity paradox" describes seemingly contrary relationships between body fat and health/ill-health. Multiple obesity paradoxes exist, and include the anatomic obesity paradox, physiologic obesity paradox, demographic obesity paradox, therapeutic...

Reports that “own rooted” Chandler walnuts (Chandler clone) out preformed grafted trees stimulated the creation of this replicated trial to investigate the performance of Chandler clone trees, Chandler clone grafted to Chandler clone rootstock, Chandler clone grafted to three selections of paradox rootstock and Chandler clone grafted to a vigorous English rootstock. Rootstock trees were planted...

This paper examines the role of paradoxes in research and proposes strategies of engaging with them. For this purpose, it analyses the ways in which six paradoxes are constitutive of sports mega-events such as the Olympic Games: the universalism paradox, the compliance paradox, the winner’s paradox, the participation paradox, the uniqueness paradox and the passion paradox. It then develops thre...

The effects of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on changes in cardiac performance and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) function due to Ca(2+) paradox were investigated. Isolated perfused hearts were subjected to IP (three cycles of 3-min ischemia and 3-min reperfusion) followed by Ca(2+)-free perfusion and reperfusion (Ca(2+) paradox). Perfusion of hearts with Ca(2+)-free medium for 5 min followed by r...

The study of paradox has been one of the most neglected areas in contemporary biblical scholarship. One of the landmark examples is the Liar’s Paradox (Titus 1:12) with circular reasoning, along with the name of God (Exodus 3:14) and the identity of Jesus (John 14:10). Yet biblical paradox is one of the most ignored areas in biblical study for the latter half of the 20th century. The study of p...

A number of arguments, including (Whittle 2004), (Field 2008), (Shapiro 2012), and (Beall & Murzi 2012), have been put forward for the claim that logical validity is plagued by a paradox (or paradoxes) similar to the more well-known paradoxes that afflict notions such as truth, knowledge, or set. These claims are incorrect. As I will show here, there is no paradox of logical validity. In additi...

Parrondo’s paradox occurs in sequences of games in which a winning expectation value of a payoff may be obtained by playing two games in a random order, even though each game in the sequence may be lost when played individually. Several variations of Parrondo’s games apparently with the same paradoxical property have been introduced [5]; history dependence, one dimensional line, two dimensional...

This paper is a contribution to the reconstruction of Tarski’s semantic background and to the history of metalanguage and truth. Although in his 1933 monograph Tarski credits his master, Stanisław Leśniewski, with crucial negative results on the semantics of natural language, the conceptual relationship between the two logicians has never been investigated in a thorough manner. This paper shows...