The surface tension of detached liquid drops in pulsed gas metal arc welding was determined in situ from the period of the prolate–oblate oscillations initiated by the detachment event. The oscillating drops were imaged by an optical shadowgraph technique utilizing laser illumination. Images obtained during the welding process were recorded with a high-speed video camera and stored for subseque...

This paper puts forth a model of supply chain complexity and empirically tests it using plant-level data from 209 plants across seven countries. The results show that upstream complexity, internal manufacturing complexity, and downstream complexity all have a negative impact on manufacturing plant performance. Furthermore, supply chain characteristics that drive dynamic complexity are shown to ...

Sequential place and route tools for field programmable gate arrays (FPGA’s) are inherently weak at addressing both wirability and timing optimizations. This is primarily due to the difficulty of accurately predicting wirability and delay during placement. A set of new performancedriven simultaneous placement/routing techniques has been developed for both row-based and island-style FPGA designs...

Using the Hα line intensity as a constraint, we study the role of a chromospheric condensation and the role of nonthermal effects in producing the continuum enhancement of white-light flares. Within an acceptable range of Hα line intensities and electron energy flux, it is shown that neither a chromospheric condensation nor non-thermal effects alone can directly explain the observed continuum e...

Most plant species are non-randomly distributed across environmental gradients in light, water, and nutrients. In tropical forests, these gradients result from biophysical processes related to the structure of the canopy and terrain, but how does species richness in tropical forests vary over such gradients, and can remote sensing capture this variation? Using airborne lidar, we tested the exte...

The application of remotely sensed estimates of canopy minus air temperature (Tc-Ta) for detecting crop water stress can be limited in semi-arid regions, because of the lack of full ground cover (GC) at water-critical crop stages. Thus, soil background may restrict water stress interpretation by thermal remote sensing. For partial GC, the combination of plant canopy temperature and surrounding ...

The substorm current wedge (SCW) is a fundamental component of geomagnetic substorms. Models tend to describe the SCW as a simple line current flowing into the ionosphere toward dawn and out of the ionosphere toward dusk, linked by a westward electrojet. We use multispacecraft observations from perigee passes of the Cluster 1 and 4 spacecraft during a substorm on 15 January 2010, in conjunction...

Much interest has been attracted to the magnetic materials with porous structure because of their unique properties and potential applications. In this report, Fe3O4nanoporous particles assembled from small Fe3O4nanoparticles have been prepared by thermal decomposition of iron acetylacetonate in the presence of polyethylene glycol 4000. The size of the spherical nanoporous particles is 100-200 ...

In studies of intestinal absorption non-absorbed markers are used to indicate changes in volume of the contents of the bowel. Polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000), a popular marker, has been shown to fulfil the criteria of a volume indicator (Hyden, 1956b; Jacobson, Bondy, Broitman, and Fordtran, 1963; Maddrey, Serebro, Marcus, and Iber, 1967; Shields, Harris, and Davies, 1968). The concentratio...

This means that the optimal order quantity Q∗ is such that the probability of having a demand larger than Q∗ is equal to the ratio of the overage cost h to the overage plus underage cost h+ p. Frequently D is assumed to be Poisson or Normally distributed. Unfortunately there is no closed form solution to equation (1) for these distributions of demand. However, the optimal order quantity against...