4D printing has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of biomedical engineering, offering potential for dynamic, stimuli-responsive structures with applications tissue drug delivery, medical devices, and diagnostics. This review paper provides comprehensive analysis advancements, challenges, future directions engineering. We discuss development smart materials, including polymers,...

Poly-lactic acid (PLA) has become a commonly used polymer for additive manufacturing because of its bio-derived nature, useful mechanical properties, and excellent processability. Reinforcing PLA with materials been shown to improve the physical, mechanical, thermal properties 3D printed composites and, in some cases, produce active shape-changing hygromorphic structures. also displays shape me...

Three-dimensional printing technologies are at the forefront of current industrial revolution, enabling production complex shapes using a wide range materials without relying on large facilities. Evolving from these, 4D is new concept in which printed objects respond to environmental stimuli and change shape or other characteristics with time controlled predicted manner. Bioderived and/or biode...

Digital holography development has reached the level, which allows mass-manufacture of large size digital holograms – i-Lumograms, as well as manufacture of colour reflection holograms for security applications. Geola Digital also has proved that colour reflection holograms can be used as auto-stereoscopic projection displays for 3D gaming and home cinema applications. All that became possible ...