Measurements of the dynamics of the eyes in ocular motor nerve palsies may aid diagnosis, characterize peripheral and central palsies, and reveal adaptive properties of the brain. Saccadic and vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) functions of patients with peripheral and central sixth, and peripheral third and fourth nerve palsies were studied by three dimensional magnetic field search coil oculograph...

SUMMARY Herpes Zoster Cephalicus or Ramsey-Hunt syndrome is second only to Bells palsy as the most common cause of acute facial paralysis. The varicclla zoster virus is thought to be responsible for this syndrome; Involvement or the racial and auditory nerve. In this article, a patient who was admitted with vesticular eruption of the external car with facial paralysis, and auditory symptoms i...

BACKGROUND Carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) is an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus. The pathogenesis of spontaneous CCF remains unclear, although sinus thrombosis is known to be a predisposing factor for dural arteriovenous fistula. Because spontaneous CCFs are mainly of the dural type, we considered that thrombogenic conditions, such as, protein S defici...

introduction the abducent nucleus is located in the upper part of the rhomboid fossa beneath the fourth ventricle in the caudal portion of the pons. the abducent nerve courses from its nucleus, to innervate the lateral rectus muscle. this nerve has the longest subarachnoid course of all the cranial nerves, it is the cranial nerve most vulnerable to trauma. it has been reported that 1% to 2.7% o...

introduction gradenigo’s syndrome consists of ophthalmoplegia, facial palsy, and facial pain due to involvement of abducens and facial nerves as well as the trigeminal ganglion. this involvement is due to infections of ipsilateral middle ear and mastoid bone. case presentation a 14-month-old girl was referred to a private clinic with chief complaint of acute and sudden-onset right ophthalmopleg...

Duane (I905) emphasized six features of a characteristic congenital ocular motility syndrome: (i) Complete, or less often partial, loss of abduction of the affected eye; (2) Partial, or rarely complete, restriction of adduction of the aHected eye; (3) Retraction of the affected eye into the orbit on adduction; (4) Oblique overshoot of the affected eye either up and in or down and in on adductio...

Anatomically the cavernous sinus is closely related to the sphenoid sinus and the nasopharynx. Sphenoid sinusitis, as demonstrated in the case can affect the nerves which are contained within it. Apart from the sinus, a direct extension from a nasopharyngeal lesion is commonly encountered to cause diplopia, owing to the sixth nerve involvement. The provisional diagnosis should be a nasopharynge...

SUMMARY A 49-year-old woman with a direct posttraumatic carotid cavernous fistula (CCF) was treated with detachable balloons via a transcarotid route. After the procedure, her intracranial bruit, conjunctival injection, and orbital congestion were cured, but the preexistent sixth nerve palsy deteriorated. CT showed one balloon positioned in the posterior portion of the right cavernous sinus and...

introduction: synkinesis and facial asymmetry due to facial nerve palsy are distressing conditions that affect quality of life. unfortunately, these sequelae of facial nerve palsy are unresolved. the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of a combination of biofeedback therapy and botulinum toxin a (btx-a) injection for the management of synkinesis and asymmetry of facial muscles.  ...