Most microstructures are fabricated by photolithography, which needs masks to define the specific patterns, and the successive exposure, developing and etching steps. A maskless fabrication process has been developed on the other hand. The designed micro patterns are written on the specimen by laser guiding to build or repair micro structure rapidly rather than using the time-consuming mask fab...

Beck, Jay V. (Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah), and Fred M. Shafia. Effect of phosphate ion and 2,4-dinitrophenol on the activity of cell suspensions of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J. Bacteriol. 88:850-857. 1964.-The rate of oxidation of ferrous salts or elemental sulfur by aged cell suspensions, phosphate-depleted cells, or 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)-treated cells of Thiobacillus ferrooxidan...