Production of IFN-γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A)/SAP pathway in the regula...

Fiscal and taxation policy tools play an important role in promoting green low-carbon development. Based on classical tax theory, including the Potter hypothesis environmental Kuznets curve, this paper explores impact of regulation economic growth carbon emission reduction. We find that resource reform could promote total factor productivity; however, ad valorem does not significantly raise lev...

We examine how revenue-sharing and profit-sharing stakes affect price competition intensity under duopoly. Our analysis builds on the framework introduced by Varian (1980) accounts for fundamental asymmetries in terms of cost consumer loyalty. A stake exists when a firm appropriates share its rival’s revenues or profits. For example, marketplace owner that charges third-party seller an ad valor...

In this study, we characterized the role of delta-1 and delta-2 opioid receptors in the ventromedial medulla (VMM) in the modulation of thermal nociception. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with an intracerebral guide cannula aimed at the nucleus raphe magnus or nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis pars alpha. Microinjection of the delta-1 opioid receptor agonist [D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephali...

To determine the effects of different levels of glucose intake on glucose homeostasis, gluconeogenesis, body composition, and tumor growth, we gave 8 days of total parenteral feeding of a defined liquid formula diet to groups of Buffalo rats, with and without a transplantable Morris 7777 hepatoma. The level of glucose intake was held at levels which ranged from 0 to 9.5 g/100 body weight per da...

Using a magnetically aligned liquid crystal mixture containing a novel Se-labelled dimer and the difluoroterphenyl dimer DTC5C7, the twist-bend nematic phase (Ntb) was studied by the resonant scattering of hard X-rays and by conventional small and wide-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS, WAXS). Resonant diffraction spots indicated a helix with a 9-12 nm pitch in the Ntb phase and an unprecedentedly h...

OBJECTIVE To examine whether near-term births (NTB) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants are at high risk for childhood learning-related problems and poor adult educational attainment, and whether poverty amplifies the adverse effects of NTB and SGA on those outcomes. METHODS A randomly selected birth cohort (n = 1,619) was followed into adulthood. IQ and learning abilities were measur...

Services constitute a significant part of GDP and overall trade in modern economies, but little is known about the magnitude its obstacles. Great effort has been made to establish measures services frictions on Organization Economic Cooperation Development (OECD) World Bank. A customary way using these employ them log-linear regressions gauge their effect flows. This may be problematic extent t...

We model international trade in renewable resources between a single buyer and competitive sellers as a Stackelberg differential game. The buyer uses unit and ad valorem tariffs to indirectly encourage conservation of the renewable resource under study. First, we show that the efficacy of these trade policy instruments in promoting conservation depends fundamentally on whether harvesting costs ...