Network-layer capabilities offer strong protection against link flooding by authorizing individual flows with unforgeable credentials (i.e., capabilities). However, the capabilitysetup channel is vulnerable to flooding attacks that prevent legitimate clients from acquiring capabilities; i.e., in Denial of Capability (DoC) attacks. Based on the observation that the distribution of attack sources...

In recent years there has been an explosion of interest in neighborhood health effects. Most existing work has relied on secondary data analyses and has used administrative areas and aggregate census data to characterize neighborhoods. Important questions remain regarding whether the associations reported by these studies reflect causal processes. This paper reviews the major limitations of exi...

Network-layer capabilities offer strong protection against link flooding by authorizing individual flows with unforgeable credentials (i.e., capabilities). However, the capabilitysetup channel is vulnerable to flooding attacks that prevent legitimate clients from acquiring capabilities; i.e., in Denial of Capability (DoC) attacks. Based on the observation that the distribution of attack sources...

Many scholars, policy analysts, and practitioners agree that neighborhoods are important contexts for urban youth. Yet, despite decades of research, our knowledge of why and how neighborhoods influence the day-to-day lives of youth is still emerging. Theories about neighborhood effects largely assume that neighborhoods operate to influence youth through exposure-based mechanisms. Extant theoret...

We propose a measure of shape which is appropriate for the study of a complicated geometric structure, defined using the topology of neighborhoods of the structure. One aspect of this measure gives a new notion of fractal dimension. We demonstrate the utility and computability of this measure by applying it to branched polymers, Brownian trees, and self-avoiding random walks.

It is now generally accepted that spatially-based neighborhood or contextual attributes influence individual behaviors. However, studies of contextual effects often operationalize “neighborhoods” as static, single-level administrative units that are chosen for data availability rather than theoretical reasons. This practice has led to new calls for sound conceptual models that guide data collec...

Black and Hispanic children are hospitalized with complications of asthma at much higher rates than white children. The Boston Children's Hospital Community Asthma Initiative (CAI) provides asthma case management and home visits for children from low-income neighborhoods in Boston, Massachusetts, to address racial/ethnic health disparities in pediatric asthma outcomes. CAI objectives were to ev...

We consider neighborhood search defined on combinatorial optimization problems. Suppose that N is a neighborhood for combinatorial optimization problem X. We say that N′ is LO-equivalent (locally optimal) to N if for any instance of X, the set of locally optimal solutions with respect to N and N′ are the same. The union of two LO-equivalent neighborhoods is itself LO-equivalent to the neighborh...