BACKGROUND The efficacy of Piper aduncum essential oil was evaluated against Periplaneta americana adults and nymphs in the laboratory. METHODS The plant essential oil at varying concentrations ranging between 10,000 to 80,000 ppm were placed inside glass beakers, rolled horizontally to ensure the essential oil covers all sides of the beakers and exposed to adults and nymphs of P. americana. ...

Philosophical inquiries into morality are as old as philosophy, but it may turn out that morality itself is much, much older than that. At least, that is the main thesis of primatologist Frans De Waal, who in this short book based on his Tanner Lectures at Princeton, elaborates on what biologists have been hinting at since Darwin’s (1871) book The Descent of Man and Hamilton’s (1963) studies on...

Suhrawardi was a philosopher and Sufi who robustly influenced the development of sciences. With his philosophy illumination (Hikmah al-Ishraq), he proposed concept hudhuri epistemology by which fought against domination rationalistic skeptical peripatetic that ultimately negated all forms metaphysics. This paper aims to reveal Suhrawardi's epistemology, anxiety criticism validity problem philos...