Until recently, sample preparation was carried out using traditional techniques, such as liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), that use large volumes of organic solvents. Solid-phase extraction (SPE) uses much less solvent than LLE, although the volume can still be significant. These preparation methods are expensive, time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Recently, a great effort has been ma...

Liquid-liquid extraction or solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography (GC) or high-performance liquid chromatography are traditional herbicide residue determination methods for environmental samples. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a solventless, fast, and sensitive alternative herbicide residue extraction method that can be applied to numerous environmental matrices. The obje...

A new, simple, rapid, sensitive and environmentally friendly ultrasound-assisted emulsification dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (UAE-DLLME) has been developed for trace nickel Ni(II) separation preconcentration in environmental samples prior to spectrophotometric determination. The proposed method based on using non-ionic water-soluble surfactant Triton X-114 (TX-114) as a disperser so...