The untyped lambda calculus was introduced around 1930 by Church [11] as part of an investigation in the formal foundations of mathematics and logic. Although lambda calculus is a very basic language, it is sufficient to express all the computable functions. The process of application and evaluation reflects the computational behavior of many modern functional programming languages, which expla...

The Laval nozzle is a very widely used device that has made great contributions due to its invention in aerospace, mechanical engineering, applied chemistry etc. development of many modern technologies relies on the establishment nozzles. In this paper, current research advances numerical simulation methods flow and nozzle-related investigation or applications different fields are reviewed. For...

The relationship between free groups and graphs is one of the many examples of the interaction between seemingly foreign branches of mathematics. After defining and proving elementary relations between graphs and groups, this paper will present a result of Hanna Neumann on the intersection of free subgroups. Although Neumann’s orginal upper bound on the rank of the intersection has been improve...

Although this lecture does not contain many offical Olympiad problems, the arguments which are used are all common elements of Olympiad problem solving. Some of these perhaps could have made nice Olympiad problems, if not for the fact that they were already well-known due to their importance in higher mathematics. Most of this is sourced from the excellent combinatorics course developed by Benn...

The idea of viewing mathematics as a language of communication has been espoused for many years. In England, this was the starting point for the influential report on the teaching of mathematics by Cockcroft. A much earlier reference is that of Tobias Dantzig in his seminal book, Number–The Language of Science; this would now perhaps be called, Mathematics–The Language of Scientific and Social ...

We investigate the effects of the δ transform on the partial sums of Fourier series for functions with a finite number of jumps, which in general, converge slowly. Although the δ process is known to accelerate convergence for many sequences, we prove that in this case, the transformed series will usually fail to converge to the original function. 2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: 65B10, ...

Theories of interorganizational coordination propose that that the fit between information processing capabilities (structure, process and technology) and information processing needs (environmental, partnership and task uncertainty) is a strong determinant of IOS performance. Recently, electronic marketplaces have replaced many traditional interorganizational systems (IOS). While traditional I...

it is well known that the chemical behavior of a compound is dependent upon the structure of itsmolecules. quantitative structure – activity relationship (qsar) studies and quantitative structure –property relationship (qspr) studies are active areas of chemical research that focus on the nature ofthis dependency. topological indices are the numerical value associated with chemical constitution...

Different auction-based approaches have been used to allocate resources in Grids, but none of them provide the design choice for a specific economic model while considering the interest of all participants in the market. In this paper, we implement an auction-based framework for producer and consumer matchmaking in an ad-hoc Grid. In ad-hoc Grids, where the availability of resources and tasks i...

The ambiguity of natural language can be an important source of creative concepts. In compositional languages, a many-to-many network of associations exists linking concepts by the polysemy and synonymy of utterances. This network allows utterances to represent the combination of concepts, forming new and potentially interesting compound meanings. At the same time, new experiences of external a...