On September 1. President Eisenhower signed the Social Security Amendments of 1954 (Public Law No. 761). The new law makes major changes in the retirement test, which in various forms has been a condition for receipt of benefits ever since Congress passed the Social Security Act in 1935. The philosophy underlying the provisions and the changes made by the 1954 amendments are reported in the fol...

Zn accumulation in Solanum nigrum grown in naturally contaminated soil in the presence of different types of organic amendments was assessed. Under the same conditions, the response of the plant to inoculation with two different isolates of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus claroideum and Glomus intraradices) was also evaluated. S. nigrum grown in the non-amended soil always presented ...

Amending contaminated soils with organic wastes can influence trace element mobility and toxicity. Soluble concentrations of metals and arsenic were measured in pore water and aqueous soil extracts following the amendment of a heavily contaminated mine soil with compost and biochar (10% v:v) in a pot experiment. Speciation modelling and toxicity assays (Vibrio fischeri luminescence inhibition a...

Soil amendments can improve the sustainability of agricultural systems by building soil carbon and improving numerous other soil health indicators, including soil structure, water infiltration and retention, bulk density, nutrient availability, and microbial activity. This chapter covers some general considerations relevant to the use of soil amendments followed by a discussion of biosolids, an...

During debate on the 1977 Social Security Amendments, it was suggested that the impact on firms of a change in the mamximum taxable amount under the social security program would in part depend on the size of the firm. This study analyzes the relationship between increases in employer payroll-tax liability and both firm size and industry group. The authors conclude that there are substantial fi...

This paper investigates how stock prices of high-litigation-risk industries reacted to the news on legal changes in shareholder derivative suits in Japan. Specifically, we focus on two amendments to the Japanese Commercial Code. The 1993 Commercial Code amendments lowered the filing fees required to bring derivative actions, while the 2001 Commercial Code amendments attempted to reduce abusive ...

Intense competition for majority party control—a continuous reality since the Republican Party won control of the Senate in 1980—has transformed Senate floor politics. This article shows how minority party senators have exploited floor amendments for partisan purposes to a much greater extent in the post-1980 period than in the past. During the 1960s and 1970s, floor activism was a function of ...