Attitude verbs fall in different categories depending on the kind of complements which they can embed. In English, a verb like know takes both declarative and interrogative complements. By contrast, believe takes only declarative complements and wonder takes only interrogative complements. The present paper examines the hypothesis, originally put forward by Hintikka 1975, that the only verbs th...

The ability and the motivation for question asking are, or should be, some of the most important aims of education. Unfortunately, students neither ask many questions, nor good ones. The present paper is about the capacity of secondary school pupils for asking questions and how this activity depends on prior knowledge. To examine this, we use texts containing different levels of information abo...

Machine comprehension, an unsolved problem in machine learning, enables a machine to process a passage and answer associated questions with a high level of accuracy that matches human performance. We use the SQuAD dataset, which simplifies the question-answer process, where the answer is defined by the starting and ending indices of its location in the context paragraph. In this paper, we explo...

Question answering systems can be seen as the next step in information retrieval, allowing users to pose questions in natural language and receive succinct answers. In order for a question answering system as a whole to be successful, research has shown that the correct classification of questions with regards to the expected answer type is imperative. Question classification has two components...

The queries to a practical Question Answering (QA) system range from keywords, phrases, badly written questions, and occasionally grammatically perfect questions. Among different kinds of question analysis approaches, the pattern matching works well in analyzing such queries. It is costly to build this pattern matching module because tremendous manual labor is needed to expand its coverage to s...

Abduction can be viewed as self-questioning, where the search for an explanation is analogous to answering a “why” question. The question is of the form Why P?, where P is an observation or fact that has come to an agent’s attention. An abductive hypothesis is a possible answer to the question Why P? When abduction is viewed as a type of question answering, abductive hypotheses can be seen as a...