The continuum based approaches don’t provide the correct physics in atomic scales. On the other hand, the molecular based approaches are limited by the length and simulated process time. As an attractive alternative, this paper proposes the Fixed Interfacial Multiscale Method (FIMM) for computationally and mathematically efficient modeling of solid structures. The approach is applicable to mult...

Each heart valve is composed of different structures of which each one has its own histological profile. Although the aortic and the pulmonary valves as well as the mitral and the tricuspid valves show similarities in their architecture, they are individually designed to ensure optimal function with regard to their role in the cardiac cycle. In this article, we systematically describe the struc...

objective: in patients with diabetes mellitus, increased rate of lipoprotein oxidation and oxidative stress have important role in diabetic angiopathy, including nephropathy. we designed a study for comparing the level of ox-ldl in diabetic patients with macro-albuminuria, micro-albuminuria, versus normo-albuminuric. materials and methods: one hundred and thirty five patients with type 2 diabet...

We study the implications of microeconomic heterogeneity for aggregate technology, showing that the aggregate elasticity of substitution between capital and labor can be expressed as a simple function of plant level structural parameters and sufficient statistics for plant heterogeneity. This allows for a new approach to estimating the aggregate elasticity using microeconomic data and allows us...

We use recently proposed tests to extract jumps and cojumps from three types of assets: stock index futures, bond futures, and exchange rates. We then characterize the dynamics of these discontinuities and informally relate them to U.S. macroeconomic releases before using limited dependent variable models to formally model how news surprises explain (co)jumps. Nonfarm payroll and federal funds ...

Confidence in macro-economic forecasting has periodically been punctured by episodes of economic turbulence and concomitant predictive failure. The poor performance in predicting the consumer boom in the late 1980’s, and the depth and duration of the recession in the 1990’s, can be viewed as merely the latest examples in a catalogue of failures, with noteworthy antecedents including the under-p...

Business Cycle Accounting (BCA) is a helpful litmus test for quantitive macroeconomic models. Indeed, deviations from the data and a neo-classical growth model can be summarized as distortion of the efficiency of production or to optimality conditions such as leisure-consumption choices and investment Euler equations. These empirical ”wedges” are then a simple diagnostic test for the empirical ...

We analyze the use of built-in policies, or macro-actions, as a form of domain knowledge that can improve the speed and scaling of reinforcement learning algorithms. Such macro-actions are often used in robotics, and macro-operators are also well-known as an aid to state-space search in AI systems. The macro-actions we consider are closed-loop policies with termination conditions. The macro-act...