A one-time pad [1] is a cryptographic protocol in which communicators Alice and Bob initially have correlated random variables, collectively called the “key”, that are not correlated with any variables possessed by a potential eavesdropper Eve. (In most discussions, the key variables possessed by Alice and Bob are supposed to be perfectly correlated—e.g., they are identical copies of the same s...

The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is to get the findings out quickly, even if the presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expresse...

If distributed cognition is to become a general analytic frame, it needs to handle more aspects of cognition than just highly efficient problem solving. It should also handle learning. We identify four classes of distributed learning: induction, repurposing, symbiotic tuning, and mutual adaptation. The four classes of distributed learning fit into a two-dimensional space defined by the stabilit...

A one-time pad [1] is a cryptographic protocol in which communicators Alice and Bob initially have correlated random variables, collectively called the “key”, that are not correlated with any variables possessed by a potential eavesdropper Eve. (In most discussions, the key variables possessed by Alice and Bob are supposed to be perfectly correlated—e.g., they are identical copies of the same s...

An “active learning system” will sequentially decide which unlabeled instance to label, with the goal of efficiently gathering the information necessary to produce a good classifier. Some such systems greedily select the next instance based only on properties of that instance and the few currently labeled points — e.g., selecting the one closest to the current classification boundary. Unfortuna...

In this work we present an empirical analysis performed on Italian nominal multiword expressions (MWEs) of the form [noun + adjective] that aims at studying quantitatively their syntactic and semantic features in order to improve their automatic identification and collection. Three indices are proposed, which are able to measure syntactic and semantic frozeness of the expressions on empirical b...

the advancement of technology and its application in various industries make the organization looking for use of key technologies such as erp. the number of failures occur in erp implementation in various industries including iranian industries. the attention of many researchers has focused on identifinig critical success factors or critical failure factors. hence, these factors should be prior...

appropriate function of active management in common investment funds function depend on factors such as diversification, identification papers unrealistic pricing, market timing, and so on. market timing are include changing the portfolio investment funds and market indices such as short-term bonds and make an asset depends on whether the market is expected in the whole of the assets to make be...

medical image registration methods which use mutual information as similarity measure have been improved in recent decades. mutual information is a basic concept of information theory which indicates the dependency of two random variables (or two images). in order to evaluate the mutual information of two images their joint probability distribution is required. several interpolation methods, su...