in this paper the design of a biped robot actuated with shape memory alloy (sma) springs with minimum degrees of freedom is presented. sma springs are a class of smart materials that are known for their high power to mass and volume ratios. it was shown that utilizing spring type of smas have many advantages as large deformation, smooth motion, silent and clean movement compared to ordinary typ...

after springs production, different residual stresses are created in the inner and outer surfaces of spring wires. some of these stresses for example compressive residual stresses are useful and some are harmful. the effects of vareation of these stresses are caused spring relaxation and decrising in their free length when they are loaded intermittently. for review this phenomena in this resear...

1.0 INTRODUCTION Active and fossil hot springs systems occur worldwide, and share many common characteristics that indicate similar genetic histories (White 1955; Waring 1965; Rhinehart 1980; White 1981; Bowen 1989). This research studies the occurrence and characteristics of hot springs at Steamboat Springs, Nevada using Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) data. Both highan...

In China, 9Ð5% of the landmass is karst terrain and of that 47,000 km2 is located in semiarid regions. In these regions the karst aquifers feed many large karst springs within basins of thousands of square kilometres. Spring discharges reflect the fluctuation of ground water level and variability of ground water storage in the basins. However, karst aquifers are highly heterogeneous and monitor...

A new, systematic approach to the synthesis of Cartesian sti®ness by springs is presented using screw (spatial vector) algebra. The space of solutions is fully characterized for all sti®nesses realizable by springs. The main result shows that a rank r sti®ness can always be synthesized by r springs. Further, it can also be synthesized by an arbitrarily large number of springs greater than r: Sy...

A new, systematic approach to the synthesis of sti®ness by springs is presented using screw (spatial vector) algebra. The space of solutions is fully characterized for all sti®nesses realizable by springs. The main result shows that a rank r sti®ness can always be synthesized by r springs. Further, a sti®ness can be synthesized by an arbitrarily large number of springs greater than r: Algorithm...

introduction:  all of  the  people worldwide  are exposed  to  low levels  of  radiation. cancer induction  and  genetic disorders are among the hazards of low level exposure. in some cases, radiation close to hot springs is  higher than normal areas due to a high concentration and the decay products of ra-226. given the use of hot  springs by the general public  because  of their therapeutic p...

Karst aquifers are important groundwater resources, but are vulnerable to contamination due to relatively rapid subsurface transport. Springs, points where the landscape and water table intersect and cold groundwater discharges, link aquifer systems with land surfaces and water bodies. As such, in many regions, they are critical to the viability of lakes, streams and cold-water fish communities...