This annual article presents information on health care costs by business, households, and government. Households funded 35 percent of expenditures in 1990, government 33 percent, and business, 29 percent. During the last decade, health care costs continued to grow at annual rates of 8 to 16 percent. Burden measures show that rapidly rising costs faced by each sponsor sector are exceeding incre...

We analyzed the cost-effectiveness of 3 sealant delivery strategies: Seal all (SA), seal children assessed to be at risk by screening (TARGET), and seal none (SN). We assumed a nine-year analytic horizon, a 3% discount rate, and zero screening costs. Estimates for sealant costs ($27.00) and restoration costs ($73.77), annual caries increment (0.0624 surfaces), sealant failure rate (20% in yr 1 ...

Metastasis, the truly lethal aspect of cancer, occurs when metastatic cancer cells in a tumor break through the basement membrane and penetrate the extracellular matrix. We show that MDA-MB-231 metastatic breast cancer cells cooperatively invade a 3D collagen matrix while following a glucose gradient. The invasion front of the cells is a dynamic one, with different cells assuming the lead on a ...

BACKGROUND Although many programs targeting fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are implemented, the province of Alberta is still lacking information on costs of FASD. OBJECTIVES To estimate the costs of FASD in Alberta based on available US and Canadian research on costs of FASD, and Alberta data. METHODS Two types of costs were estimated. The annual long-term economic cost of FASD, whi...

OBJECTIVE To conduct a cost-minimization analysis of intravenous adenosine and intravenous dipyridamole in thallous chloride TI 201 single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) myocardial perfusion imaging. DESIGN A retrospective, open-label, cost-minimization analysis. SETTING University hospital, outpatient nuclear medicine department. PATIENTS Eighty-three patients undergoing dip...

Dengue, the world's most important mosquito-borne viral disease, is endemic in the Philippines. During 2008-2012, the country's Department of Health reported an annual average of 117,065 dengue cases, placing the country fourth in dengue burden in southeast Asia. This study estimates the country's annual number of dengue episodes and their economic cost. Our comparison of cases between active a...

The paper deals with the intelligent functional model for optimizing the product design and its manufacturing process in hybrid manufacturing systems consisting of people, machines and computers. The knowledge-based framework of an intelligent functional model has been developed. It furnishes the possibility for a product designer and manufacturer to find an optimal production plan in the early...

BACKGROUND Early childhood maltreatment has been associated with adverse adult health outcomes, but little is known about the magnitude of adult health care use and costs that accompany maltreatment. We examined differences in annual health care use and costs in women with and without histories of childhood sexual, emotional, or physical abuse or neglect. METHODS A random sample of 1225 women...