OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence, immunoglobulin subclass distribution, and clinical correlation of antibodies (Abs), especially of IgE Abs, to BP180 and BP230 in patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP). DESIGN Retrospective case series analysis. SETTING Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Science. PATIENTS Serum samples from 37 patients with BP...

Abstract: A novel electric-hydraulic hybrid drivetrain incorporating a set of hydraulic systems is proposed for application in a pure electric vehicle. Models of the electric and hydraulic components are constructed. Two control strategies, which are based on two separate rules, are developed; the maximum energy recovery rate strategy adheres to the rule of the maximization of the braking energ...

The Anti-lock braking system (ABS) is an active safety device in road vehicles, which during hard braking maximizes the braking force between the tyre and the road irrespective of the road conditions. This is accomplished by regulating the wheel slip around its optimum value. Due to the high non-linearity of the tyre and road interaction, and uncertainties from vehicle dynamics, a standard PID ...

In this paper, a decentralized integrated control structure ...

An antilock braking system (ABS) is one of the most important components in a road vehicle, which provides active protection during braking, to prevent wheels from locking-up and achieve handling stability steerability. The all-electric ABS without any hydraulic potential candidate for electric vehicles. To demonstrate examine algorithms, this article proposes single-wheel test bench, mainly in...

Currently, vehicles are often equipped with active safety systems to reduce the risk of accidents, many of which occur in the urban environments. The most popular include Antilock Braking Systems (ABS), Traction Control and Stability Control. All these systems employ different types of sensors to constantly monitor the conditions of the vehicle, and respond in an emergency situation. In this pa...

Digital twins are used to replicate the behavior of physical systems, and in-vehicle networks can greatly benefit from this technology. This is mainly because circulate large amounts data coming various sources such as wired, or in some cases even wireless, sensors that fused by actuators responsible for safety-critical tasks require careful testing. In work, we build a laboratory network mimic...