This article provides an overview of phase-contrast and time-spatial labeling inversion pulse MR imaging techniques to assess CSF movement in the CNS under normal and pathophysiologic situations. Phase-contrast can quantitatively measure stroke volume in selected regions, notably the aqueduct of Sylvius, synchronized to the heartbeat. Judicious fine-tuning of the technique is needed to achieve ...

Enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) is one of the commonly identified congenital temporal bone abnormalities associated with sensorineural hearing loss. Hearing loss may be unilateral or bilateral, and typically presents at birth or in early childhood. Vestibular symptoms have been reported in up to 50% of affected individuals, and may be delayed in onset until adulthood. The details of nystagmu...

To cite: Kundu A, Sen P, Khurana S. BMJ Case Rep Published online: [please include Day Month Year] doi:10.1136/bcr-2015211784 DESCRIPTION A 64-year-old diabetic Caucasian man presented with progressively worsening neurological symptoms including memory loss, involuntary teeth clenching, difficulty maintaining balance, daytime somnolence and cognitive impairment for the past 2 years. Nine months...

In the 1550s Florence’s water supply was upgraded through construction of a new aqueduct. Prior to that, needs were supported by remnants Roman aqueduct and wells cisterns. The infrastructure increased amount available allowed for fountains in city’s main squares, with themes principally derived from Greek mythologies. 1641 twin Mostri Marini (‘Marine Monsters’) designed Pietro Tacca installed ...

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Patients with enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) often demonstrate an air-bone gap (ABG) at low frequencies on audiometric testing. The mechanism for this has not been well elucidated. We investigated vestibular aqueduct (VA) size and ABG in patients with EVA, and assessed the relationship between VA diameter and ABG. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective review. METHODS We asses...

OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of the telovelar approach with tonsillar manipulation for approaching the recesses of the fourth ventricle. METHODS A telovelar approach was performed in 8 injected cadaveric heads. Areas of exposure were measured for the superolateral and lateral recesses. Horizontal angles were evaluated by targeting the cerebral aqueduct and medial margin of the later...