The main frequency is an important parameter of an electrical power system. The frequency can change over a small range due to generation-load mismatches. Some power system protection and control applications, e.g., frequency relay for load shedding, load-frequency controller, require accurate and fast estimation of the frequency. Most digital algorithms for measuring frequency have acceptable ...

Electric arc furnaces (EAFs) are widely used in steelmaking and in smelting of nonferrous metals. The EAF is the central process of the so-called mini-mills, which produce steel mainly from scrap. Typical EAFs operate at power levels from 10MW to 100MW. The power level is directly related to production throughput, so it is important to control the EAF at the highest possible average power with ...

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A common feature shared by all pyrometallurgical smelting processes is the production of slag. Slag is usually a byproduct of metal production, although there are processes (such as ilmenite smelting, for example) where the slag is the principal product. Most slags contain a significant amount of heavy metals, the release of which can cause environmental problems. However, the recovery of these...

This study investigates the interactions between a steel industry that applies hydrogen direct reduction (H-DR) and electricity system of northern Europe. We apply techno-economic optimization model with aim achieving net-zero emissions from sectors in Year 2050. The minimizes investment running costs production units, while meeting demands for steel. modeling is carried out number scenarios, w...

With high fuel prices, fuel-savings technologies can provide significant economic benefits to steel mills. Reheating furnaces in integrated and mini-mills consume approximately half of the natural gas used to produce hot-rolled products. Recently, Praxair’s Dilute Oxygen Combustion technology (previously demonstrated for productivity improvements on mini-mill billet reheating furnaces) was exte...