This paper gives a compilation of physical mechanisms producing red-shifts of astronomical objects. Over sixty proposed mechanisms are listed here for the purpose of quantitative comparisons. These mechanisms may not individually account for all observations but are adapted to particular situations such as the solar limb redshift, the red-shift of quasars or the cosmological red-shift. However,...

Multiresolution transforms, including a wavelet transform, are applied to image visualization, image restoration, filtering and compression, and object detection. Variance stabilization is used, when appropriate, to cater for common astronomical image noise models. We discuss validation of such methods in the case of astronomical image processing. A range of examples illustrate the effectivenes...

Photos have been commonly used in our society to convey information, and the associated contextual information (i.e., the capture time and location) is a key part of what a photo conveys. However, the contextual information can be easily tampered or falsely claimed by forgers to achieve malicious goals, e.g., creating fear among the general public or distorting public opinions. Thus, this paper...

Application functionality in business-to-business marketplaces today covers a smaller range of a company's overall procurement activities. Not every product or service can be acquired using catalogs, auctions or tenders. With the growing number of market transactions to be supported electronically, we expect a range of applications that will handle other forms of transactions. We hold that to a...

To date, 241 individual molecular species, comprised of 19 different elements, have been detected in the interstellar and circumstellar medium by astronomical observations. These molecules range size from two atoms to seventy, across electromagnetic spectrum cm-wavelengths ultraviolet. This census presents a summary first detection each including observational facility, wavelength range, transi...

We propose a new instrumental concept for long-baseline optical single-mode interferometry using integrated optics which were developed for telecommunication. Visible and infrared multi-aperture interferometry requires many optical functions (spatial filtering, beam combination, photometric calibration, polarization control) to detect astronomical signals at very high angular resolution. Since ...

The IAU-1976 System of astronomical constants includes three astronomical units (i.e. for time, mass and length). This paper reports on the status of the astronomical unit of length (ua) and mass (MSun) within the context of the recent IAU Resolutions on reference systems and the use of modern observations in the solar system. We especially look at a possible re-definition of the ua as an astro...