In the smart grid, electricity price is a key element for all participants in electric power industry. To meet grid’s various goals, Demand-Response (DR) control aims to change consumption behavior of consumers based on dynamic pricing or financial benefits. DR methods are divided into centralized and distributed communication model. control, communicate directly with company, without communica...

In this paper, a customer incentive scheme is proposed for retailers to build an effective demand response program over the peak demand period to minimize the financial risk. Firstly, an objective function is formulated based on the market operation and an optimal incentive price is derived from this objective function. Secondly, the incentive price is employed as a part of an incentive scheme ...

as there is a rapid growth both in the number of power consumers and also the limitations energy resources, it is clearly accepted that the old version of power grid must change into smart grid from head to toe. one of the most important advantages of smart grid which makes it much more exclusive rather than other typical systems is the two-way connectivity between the utility and the costumers...

this paper proposes a stochastic framework for demand response (dr) aggregator to procure dr from customers and sell it to purchasers in the wholesale electricity market. the aggregator assigns fixed dr contracts with customers based on three different load reduction strategies. in the presented problem the uncertainty of market price is considered and the risk of aggregator participation is ma...

Characterization and evaluation of a biological submerged filter was carried out on a full-scale pilot plant performing removal of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and total nitrogen (TN) from pre-treated urban wastewater. The average influent values of BOD5, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and TN were 370, 1,015 and 60 mg/L, respectively. The pilot plant produced good discharge quality during stea...

Purpose: In the clinical care of functional vision disorders, dynamic retinoscopy such as Monocular Estimate Method has been the mainstay for objective measurement of the accommodative response. It is valuable, fast and widely available. Dynamic retinoscopy however does not allow for quantified measures of accommodation by inexperienced clinicians or technicians. Automated, objective methods fo...

in this paper, the residential demand for electricity equation is specified and then this equation is estimated using a pooling data for period 1983-90. the results of study for different regions of province show that the demand is less elastic with respect to average price of electricity and residential area, .but it is more elastic with respect to income and average number of households. thes...

In this paper we examine how the adoption of EDI can increase the flexibility of a modular supply chain of organisations to match customised demand, and how expected costs and benefits of such the adoption are distributed among these organisations. Within a modular supply chain, organisations form process module networks in response to customised demand. These networks indicate in what order pr...