The World Health Organization reports that 2 million people die each year from the effects of air pollution, twice the number of fatalities as from automobile accidents [1]. Direct causes of air pollution related deaths include aggravated asthma, bronchitis, emphysema, lung and heart diseases, and respiratory allergies. While civic agencies address large-scale environmental health problems from...

The wide use of automobile airbags has undoubtedly reduced the mortality and the incidence of serious injuries from motor vehicle accidents. However, automobile airbags appear to be associated with a variety of injuries including fatal injuries, ocular injuries, upper limb and chest injuries. Further improvements in airbag design together with education of the general public in their use should...

In this paper, we formulate and estimate a nested model structure that includes a multiple discrete-continuous extreme value (MDCEV) component to analyze the choice of vehicle type/vintage and usage in the upper level and a multinomial logit (MNL) component to analyze the choice of vehicle make/model in the lower nest. Data for the analysis is drawn from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area Travel S...

in many peoples’ minds, air pollution is associated with the contamination of urban air from automobile exhausts and industrial emissions. growing number of scientific evidence has indicated that in industrialized societies, air within buildings can be more seriously polluted than the outdoor air. in the last couple of decades, with the widespread availability of personal computers, mathematica...

The design of Automated Highway Systems (AHS) involves the use of advancedtechnologies and automation to make the current transportation system more efficient interms of capacity, safety and pollution. The principal question is whether thesetechnologies will lead to any benefits in terms of safety, capacity and traffic flowcharacteristics as the degree of penetration in the curr...

introduction:  skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. however, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. this phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...

Optimizing bag ventilation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation or ventilation of an unprotected airway1 is mandatory to minimize the risk of pulmonary complications and the occurrence of gastric inflation due to excessive airway pressure.2 Numerous studies have underlined the difficulty of providing safe and effective bag ventilation in these situations, and new devices have been marketed to h...

An adsorption system driven by solar heat or waste heat can help to eliminate the use of ozone depletion substances, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). In recent years, adsorption system has witnessed an increasing interest in many fields due to the fact that this system is quiet, long lasting, cheap to maintain and environmentally benign. Although adsorpt...

Wrapping low-birth-weight neonates in a plastic bag prevents body heat loss. A bonnet can also be used, since large amounts of heat can be lost from the head region, but may provide too much thermal insulation, thus increasing the risk of overheating. We assessed the time required to reach warning body temperature (t38 degrees C), heat stroke (t40 degrees C), or extreme value (t43 degrees C) in...