The emergence of H5, H7, and H9 avian influenza virus subtypes in humans reveals their pandemic potential. Although human-to-human transmission has been limited, the genetic reassortment of the avian and human/porcine influenza viruses or mutations in some of the genes resulting in virus replication in the upper respiratory tract of humans could generate novel pandemic influenza viruses. Curren...

Abstract Background Influenza viruses are a continuous threat to avian and mammalian species, causing epidemics pandemics. After the circulation of H5N1 in 2006, 2015, 2016 Iraq, an H5N8 influenza virus emerged domestic geese Sulaymaniyah Province, Iraq. This study analyzed genetic characteristics Iraqi viruses. Results An HPAI subtype was identified from backyard Kurdistan Region, north Phylog...

Avian influenza caused infection and spread throughout Nigeria in 2006. Carcass samples (lung, liver, spleen, heart, trachea and intestine) from the different regions of Nigeria were processed for virus isolation. Infective allantoic fluids were tested for avian influenza viruses (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus using monospecific antisera. Thirty-five isolates were generated and characterized...

Avian influenza viruses affect both poultry production and public health. A subtype H5N8 (clade 2.3.4.4) virus, following an outbreak in poultry in South Korea in January 2014, rapidly spread worldwide in 2014-2015. Our analysis of H5N8 viral sequences, epidemiological investigations, waterfowl migration, and poultry trade showed that long-distance migratory birds can play a major role in the g...

Background: Pandemic influenza A viruses are often zoonotic. Rapid influenza virus diagnostics can play a role in reducing pandemic virus spread. However, most diagnostic tests have not been evaluated against animal influenza viruses. Objective: To evaluate a leading rapid diagnostic test against zoonotic influenza A virus strains. Study Design: We evaluated the performance of the QuickVue® Inf...

In Japan, no influenza epidemics have been recognized in domestic fowls since the last fowl plague outbreak caused by H7N7 influenza virus in chickens in 1924-1926. On the other hand, influenza viruses of different subtypes have been isolated from wild ducks, geese, and swans. Antigenic and genetic analyses of H3 influenza viruses isolated from migratory ducks captured on the Pacific flyway in ...

Swine influenza viruses possessing avian genes were first detected in Europe in 1979 (Scholtissek et al., 1983, Virology, 129, 521-523) and continue to circulate in pigs in that region of the world. To characterize the molecular epidemiology of swine influenza viruses currently circulating in Europe, we used dot-blot hybridization and sequence analysis to determine the origin of the genes encod...

Avian influenza: epidemiology and surveillance in New Zealand Avian influenza epidemiology Avian influenza (AI) refers to infection of birds with avian influenza A viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae. These RNA viruses are widespread, highly contagious and extremely variable. AI viruses are most frequently recorded in waterfowl (defined for this paper as members of the order Anseriformes – d...

Influenza A viruses occur worldwide in wild birds and are occasionally associated with outbreaks in commercial chickens and turkeys. However, avian influenza viruses have not been isolated from wild birds or poultry in South America. A recent outbreak in chickens of H7N3 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) occurred in Chile. One month later, after a sudden increase in deaths, H7N3 highly path...

BACKGROUND Avian influenza viruses have caused human infection and posed the pandemic potential. Live poultry markets are considered as a source of human infection with avian influenza viruses. Avian influenza routine surveillance of live poultry markets is taken annually in China. We isolated the 2 H11N9 influenza virus from the surveillance program. To better understand the risk caused by the...