Greater energy efficiency can be achieved in existing dwellings thanks to longer lifecycles, slow replacement rates, and technical innovations. Many such dwellings are located in dense urban neighbourhoods, where urban renewal projects are undertaken. Local government can encourage the setting of ambitious goals as a stepping stone to realizing energy efficiency goals that achieve high levels o...

BACKGROUND Efforts are underway to strengthen Nigeria's routine immunization system, yet measuring impact poses a challenge. We document limitations in using administrative data from 12 states in Nigeria and explore alternative approaches. METHODS We compared state-reported coverage with the third dose of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP3) to district-reported coverage and data from ...

Though the There is ever increasing evidence of increased terrorist activities that spread entire world. In the wake of modern technologies and diversified threats, it is indispensable to comprehend, detect and prevent with reliable countermeasures. In this context detection of explosives is an active research area. Towards this end many detection systems came into existence. The government age...

This paper examines disparities between unitary central governments and local governments in how environmental policy is defined and implemented at the local level. This is done within the context of northeast Asia, where results can often differ from expectations driven by traditional models of local government behaviour offered by the West. A theoretical measure for policy distance between th...

this research covered three villages in kura local government area of kano state. the study described the socio-economic characteristics of maize producers and their production techniques and also determined the profitability and resource use efficiency in the maize production. structured questionnaires were used for primary data collection and 40 small scale producers were purposively selected...

Background and aims Endometriosis is a commonly encountered disorder in women of reproductive age, consisting of the presence of active ectopic endometrial tissue outside the endometrial cavity. Surgical scar endometriosis is a rare condition representing about 2% of all endometriosis cases. The purpose of this study was to assess the main characteristics, diagnostic tools and therapeutic optio...

We use US county level data from 1970 to 1998 to explore the relationship between economic growth and government employment at three levels: federal, state and local. Increases in federal, state and local government employments are all negatively related to economic growth. We find no evidence that government is more efficient at lower levels. While we cannot separate out the productive and red...

Moody's ratings for tax-backed municipal bonds are derived from five primary credit factors: legal security, local economy , financial operations, debt profile and management. This special comment will focus on the debt component of Moody's analysis and ratings. Debt as a credit factor can not be isolated from the other credit factors, nor viewed as a stand-alone ratio or set of ratios. Rather,...

This paper explores the building of administrative and democratic institutions of local government in newly emerging democracies in parts of the former Soviet Union and its satellite states in Eastern Europe. It covers the period through 2005. It studies the main objectives and achievements of the various reforms aimed at local government systems in Russia, Poland and Romania. The overall findi...

Background: After revenue-sharing system reform, the proportion of tax refund in fiscal transfer payments continued to decline, and the proportion of categorical grant and condition grant is increased. The paper studies how transfer payment structure effect fiscal efficiency from the perspective of local financial revenue structure. Methods: This paper use the SE-DEA model to measures the finan...