Abstract The harmful effects of tobacco have been well known, studied and advertised, however is still consumed in different forms by all genders. Tobacco smoking during pregnancy double trouble, considering the already high-risk state pregnant female. Smoking current COVID-19 scenario poses additional challenge to mother fetus. Nicotine toxins including carbon monoxide proposed cause maternal ...

We study the formation of cosmic strings in the context of spontaneous symmetry breaking of gauge symmetry groups. We discuss the conditions for formation and stability of defects in nonsupersymmetric theories and also F-strings in the supersymmetry context. Finally, we discuss how cosmological observations can constrain supersymmetric grand unified theories.

The energy dissipated by virialisation shocks during hierarchical structure formation of the Galaxy can exceed that injected by concomitant supernova (SN) explosions. Cosmic rays (CRs) accelerated by such shocks may therefore dominate over SNe in the production of 6Li through α+α fusion without co-producing Be and B. This process can give a more natural account of the observed 6Li abundance in ...