Reducing the pretreatment cost of lignocellulosic biomass by utilizing alkali to alter its recalcitrant nature is an effective method for biofuel production. In this experiment, 1.5% KOH solution and its black liquor (spent liquor of KOH) (BL) were applied to pretreat corn stover (CS) at a temperature of 20 °C to enhance the digestibility for anaerobic digestion (AD). Results showed no signific...

We report a multilaboratory evaluation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) viral load assays to determine their linear range, reproducibility, subtype detection, and agreement. A panel of HCV RNA samples ranging in nominal concentration from 1.0 to 7.0 log10 IU/ml was constructed by diluting a clinical specimen (genotype 1b). Replicates of the panel were tested in multiple laboratories using the Abbott ...

This supplement has been produced on behalf of Bayer and reports a Bayer-funded and organised satellite symposium held 2 April 2016, during the 7th World Congress of Controversies in Ophthalmology, Warsaw, Poland. Attributed comment and opinion reflect the views of faculty speakers and participants and do not necessarily reflect those of Bayer. The experts debate UKEYL07160053. Date of preparat...

BACKGROUND Xylose mother liquor has high concentrations of xylose (35%-40%) as well as other sugars such as L-arabinose (10%-15%), galactose (8%-10%), glucose (8%-10%), and other minor sugars. Due to the complexity of this mother liquor, further isolation of xylose by simple method is not possible. In China, more than 50,000 metric tons of xylose mother liquor was produced in 2009, and the mana...

Black liquor, the residue remaining from pulping wood chips for papermaking, is used as fuel to power mill. For energy efficiency, black liquor must be concentrated over 65% solids prior combustion. Supercritical CO2 achieves this by precipitating lignin dropping pH below pKa of phenolic groups in lignin, thereby depositing and creating a porous liquid/solid matrix. It then displaces water matr...

AIMS In June, 2012 the state of Washington ended a wholesale and retail monopoly on liquor sales resulting in about five times as many stores selling liquor. Three-tier restrictions were also removed on liquor, while beer and wine availability did not increase. Substantial taxes at both the wholesale and retail levels were implemented and it was expected that prices would rise. METHODS To eva...

the effects of different sources of carbon, nitrogen and some of trace elements on cultivation of bacillus thuringiensis h14 were studied. glucose, glycerol, sodium acetate, (nh4)2so4, corn steep liquor, yeast extract, hydrolyzed casein, ca2+, mg2+ and mn2+ were the main parameters evaluated by plackett-burman statistical method. all elements have insignificant effect on germination while spore...