OBJECTIVE To discuss some of the obstacles inherent in the design of the randomized controlled trial (RCT) that the surgeon must confront and options to minimize these obstacles. DATA SOURCES The literature was searched for articles discussing RCTs using MEDLINE from 1966 to 1998. STUDY SELECTION Studies relevant to the general use of RCTs for evaluating surgical questions were selected. ...

literatures have reported that a lot of drought related genes were cloned and individual gene showed positive effects under controlled stress experiments, but were not much effective in the field. although, the progresses by conventional breeding approaches were achievable as some drought varieties have been released to the farmers in the recent years but this is not adequate to cope up with th...

The Dark Side of the Vote: Biased Voters, Social Information, and Information Aggregation Through Majority Voting by Rebecca B. Morton, Marco Piovesan and Jean-Robert Tyran* We experimentally investigate information aggregation through majority voting when some voters are biased. In such situations, majority voting can have a “dark side,”that is, result in groups making choices inferior to thos...

Previous studies have shown that the maximizing orientation, reflecting a motivation to select the best option among a given set of choices, is associated with various negative psychological outcomes. In the present studies, we examined whether these relationships extend to friendship selection and how the number of options for friends moderated these effects. Across 5 studies, maximizing in se...

We experimentally investigate information aggregation through majority voting when some voters are biased. In such situations, majority voting can have a “dark side,”that is, result in groups making choices inferior to those made by individuals acting alone. In line with theoretical predictions, information on the popularity of policy choices is beneficial when a minority of voters is biased, b...

Within the animal kingdom, human cooperation represents an outlier. As such, there has been great interest across a number of fields in identifying the factors that support the complex and flexible variety of cooperation that is uniquely human. The ability to identify and preferentially interact with better social partners (partner choice) is proposed to be a major factor in maintaining costly ...

In generosity games, one agreement payoff is exogenously given, whereas the other is endogenously determined by the proposer’s choice of the ”pie” size. This has been shown to induce pie choices which are either efficiency or equality seeking. In our experiment, before playing the generosity game, participants are asked to buy their role via a random price mechanism. This should entitle them to...

In this article, we respond at length to recent critiques of research on implicit bias, especially studies using the Implicit Association Test (IAT). Tetlock and Mitchell (2009) claim that ‘‘there is no evidence that the IAT reliably predicts class-wide discrimination on tangible outcomes in any setting,’’ accuse their colleagues of violating ‘‘the injunction to separate factual from value judg...

Recent discussions of trafficking research have included calls for more innovative studies and new methodologies in order to move beyond the current trafficking narrative, which is often based on unrepresentative samples and overly simplified images. While new methods can potentially play a role in expanding the knowledge base on trafficking, this article argues that the solution is not entirel...

In today’s hyper competitive business environment employees are a source of competitive advantage. It is absolutely critical for businesses to hire the right people, with the right skills, right knowledge, right attributes, at the right time, for the right job. The recruitment and selection process has become one of the key processes determining the success of an organization. This paper examin...