A detailed multi-year observational study of Red-Billed (RB) oxpecker (Buphagus erythrorhynchus) and yellow-billed (YB) (B. Africanus) occurrence on a range ungulate species was performed in two Kenyan national parks. Surprisingly observation over 2100 individual Kongoni, group sizes 1 to > 50, revealed total absence oxpeckers, either species, Kongoni (Alcephalus buselaphus: subfamily Alceph...