Biological Gender Differences, Absenteeism and the Earning Gap In most Western countries illness-related absenteeism is higher among female workers than among male workers. Using the personnel dataset of a large Italian bank, we show that the probability of an absence due to illness increases for females, relative to males, approximately 28 days after a previous illness. This difference disappe...

We review the evidence regarding a biological basis for sex differences in risk aversion and competitiveness. We present the relevant literature in evolutionary theory, and animal behavior, endocrinology and neuroscience, as well as the literature relating human risk aversion and competitiveness to handedness, 2D:4D (a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure), facial masculinity (a proxy of pub...

Few studies have examined whether sex differences in mortality are associated with different distributions of risk factors or result from the unique relationships between risk factors and mortality for men and women. We extend previous research by systematically testing a variety offactors, including health behaviors, social ties, socioeconomic status, and biological indicators of health. We em...

Introduction: There are significant gender differences in the epidemiology and presentation of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), physiological aspects of CVDs, response to diagnostic tests or interventions, and prevalence or incidence of the associated risk factors. Considering the independent influence of gender on early dire consequences of such diseases, this study was conducted to investigate...

The phenomenon of higher rates of affective disorders in women illustrates many of the difficulties as well as promises of translating preclinical models to human disorders. Abnormalities in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and the sympathoadrenomedullary system have been identified in depression and anxiety disorders, and these disorders are clearly precipitated and ex...

Integrating content from multiple biological pathway resources is necessary to fully exploit pathway knowledge for the benefit of biology and medicine. Differences in content, representation, coverage, and more occur between databases, and are challenges to resource merging. We introduce a typology of representational differences between pathway resources and give examples using several databas...

In the current controversies about race and racial differences in health, epidemiology is seen as the authority that confirms or refutes the scientific truth of these differences. Pointing out the current discussions about the limitations of risk factor epidemiology, hegemonic branch of the epidemiological approaches, it is the aim of this article to highlight the ideological character of the c...

to study the effects of biological and manure fertilizer on quantity and quality characteristics of roselle (hibiscus sabdariffa l.), an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the agricultural research center of zabol university, iran during growing season of 2012-2013. treatments included three manure level; 0, 10 and 20 t....