Researchers have thoroughly studied coal pyrolysis over a long period, while the analysis of volatile evolution and chemical structural changes solid char were carried out individually in most studies. In this work, we quantified reactions to explain different physical phenomena, such as softening caking properties, exhibited by ranks coals during pyrolysis. Four typical carbonaceous feedstocks...

The concept of rational pavement design for design of bituminous pavement was conceived during the 1960s (Dorman 1962, Monismith et al. 1961). Its upgraded version is known as Mechanistic-Empirical (M-E) pavement design, and is at present popularly being used for design of bituminous pavements in various countries. A number of pavement design guidelines (Austroads 2004, French 1997, IRC:37 2001...

We study uniqueness of Nash equilibria in atomic splittable congestion games and derive a uniqueness result based on polymatroid theory: when the strategy space of every player is a bidirectional flow polymatroid, then equilibria are unique. Bidirectional flow polymatroids are introduced as a subclass of polymatroids possessing certain exchange properties. We show that important cases such as b...

The concept of valuated matroids was introduced by Dress and Wenzel as a quantitative extension of the base exchange axiom for matroids. This paper gives several sets of cryptomorphically equivalent axioms of valuated matroids in terms of (R[f 1g)-valued vectors de ned on the circuits of the underlying matroid, where R is a totally ordered additive group. The dual of a valuated matroid is chara...

Because of their extraordinary structural and electrical properties, two-dimensional materials are currently being pursued for applications such as thin-film transistors and integrated circuit. One of the main challenges that still needs to be overcome for these applications is the fabrication of air-stable transistors with industry-compatible complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) tech...

The cold in-place recycling (CIPR) is a process where the existing bituminous pavement is recycled without application of heat. In CIPR process the scarified material from the existing pavement is crushed to the required gradation and binder in cold form (emulsion or cutback or foamed bitumen) is added. Externally acquired Reclaimed Bituminous Pavement (RBP) or fresh aggregates are also added d...