Bismuth occurs in a wide range of mineral deposit types and is usually regarded as deleterious by-product. Its classification critical raw material by the European Commission 2017 USA 2018 has, however, reawakened interest Bi production its security supply. Demand for increasing, mostly substitute Pb use chemicals. mainly chalcophile behaviour, although it has some lithophile characteristics. T...

We propose a new solution concept to address the problem of sharing a surplus among the agents generating it. The sharing problem is formulated in the preferences-endowments space. The solution is defined in a recursive manner incorporating notions of consistency and fairness and relying on properties satisfied by the Shapley value for Transferable Utility (TU) games. We show a solution exists,...

We propose a new solution concept to address the problem of sharing a surplus among the agents generating it. The problem is formulated in the preferences-endowments space. The solution is defined recursively, incorporating notions of consistency and fairness and relying on properties satisfied by the Shapley value for Transferable Utility (TU) games. We show a solution exists, and call it an O...

Ecosystem resilience, i.e. an ecosystem’s ability to maintain its basic functions and controls under disturbances, is often interpreted as insurance: by decreasing the probability of future drops in the provision of ecosystem services, resilience insures risk-averse ecosystem users against potential welfare losses. Using a general and stringent definition of ‘insurance’ and a simple ecological-...

It has fallen to me as Sanitary Commissioner and ex-officio Superintendent of Emigration, Assam, to compile some observations bearing on the value of inoculation with anti-cholera vaccine as a prophylactic against the prevalence of cholera among labour emigrants en route to Assam. I am aware of the many pitfalls which beset one's path in attempting to interpret statistics, but as the compilatio...

Value We used the following juices, listed in roughly decreasing order of preference (associated colors in parenthesis): high-sugar lemon Kool-Aid (dark yellow), grape juice (bright green), fruit punch (magenta), apple juice (diluted to 1/2 with water, dark green), cranberry juice (diluted to 1/3 or 1/4 with water, pink), water (white), milk (red), peppermint tea (bright blue), tea (light brown...

Seemingly intangible ecosystem characteristics that preoccupy ecologists, like ecosystem stability and the responsiveness of populations to environmental variation, have quantifiable economic values. We show how to derive these values, and how their consideration should change environmental decision making. To illustrate these concepts, we use a simple reserve design model. When resource manage...

Previous work has identified a distributed network of neural systems involved in appraising the value of rewards, such as when winning $100 versus $1. These studies, however, confounded monetary value and the number used to represent it, which leads to the possibility that some elements in the network may be specialized for processing numeric rather than monetary value. To test this hypothesis,...