Cause Avian botulism is a paralytic, often fatal, disease of birds that results when they ingest toxin produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. Seven distinct types of toxin designated by the letters A to G have been identified (Table 38.1). Waterfowl die-offs due to botulism are usually caused by type C toxin; sporadic die-offs among fish-eating birds, such as common loons and gulls, ...

Cleveland, Ohio Background: The objective of the study was to determine whether botulinum toxin type A injections can serve as a prognosticator for migraine surgery success. Methods: Patients who underwent migraine surgery from 2000 to 2010 by the senior author (B.G.) were reviewed. Patients were included if they had botulinum toxin type A injection before surgery; had completed postinjection, ...

Aesthetic practitioners prefer various reconstitution volumes for botulinum toxins (BoNTAs). Some injectors prefer larger volumes of bacteriostatic normal saline (NaCl) to achieve a larger diffusion in certain areas and a smaller volume for more precise administration of the BoNTA. Some practitioners believe dilution volumes do not matter at all in relation to spread or diffusion, asserting the...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin A has been used increasingly in the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis. OBJECTIVE To assess the long-term efficacy of botulinum toxin A in the treatment of hyperhidrosis and the changes in quality of life and patient satisfaction with treatment. METHODS A questionnaire was designed to assess the efficacy using visual analog scales and the quality of life both before...

The article provides general information on botulinum therapy in treating spastic forms of cerebral palsy; a review of modern botulinum toxin A drugs’ injection precision control methods at spasticity and other pathologic states is given; advantages and disadvantages of each injection control method are analyzed in detail. Special attention is paid to the substantiated choice of the injection c...

BACKGROUND Botulinum toxin type A treatment has been used for over 20 years to enhance the appearance of the face. There are several commercially available botulinum toxin type A products used in aesthetic clinical practice. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to compare the clinical efficacy of the most commonly used botulinum toxin type A preparations in daily practice. METHODS Physi...

BACKGROUND Blepharospasm is a focal cranial dystonia, which could be idiopathic in origin or secondary to an underlying disorder that commonly impairs quality of life. Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections have become the treatment of choice; however, a less favorable response to BoNT is expected in secondary blepharospasm. No studies have been conducted comparing outcomes between blepharospasm coh...

AIM To identify the severity of Frey s syndrome and its response to botulinum toxin type A. METHODS Minor test was performed in all cases to assess the extent of the affected area, using the contralateral side as control. Severity was assessed according to the proposal of Luna-Ortiz et al. Response was evaluated after 3 and 6 months, and was compared with the basal data. RESULTS Frey s synd...

TO THE EDITOR—In 2 articles written by California Department of Public Health (CDPH) researchers and published in The Journal of Infectious Diseases regarding a new strain of botulism [1, 2], a decision was made by the CDPH to withhold data that would allow for the reproduction of the strain before an antitoxin can be developed. Although the CDPH indicated to the media that this decision was ma...

BACKGROUND Many patients who undergo CO2 laser resurfacing for correction of rhytides experience recurrence of movement-associated wrinkles within 6 to 12 months following the laser procedure. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) injections on movement-associated rhytides following cutaneous laser resurfacing. METHODS Forty patient...