We improve the usefulness of small (diameter < 10 mm) critical flow venturis (CFVs) as transfer standards for gas by measuring and explaining how their discharge coefficients depend on temperature T environment. At Reynolds numbers Re 2.5 × 105 (e.g., a 2 mm diameter throat; inlet air at 1 MPa), CFVs exhibit sensitivity to environmental approximately 0.02 % K−1 due biased measurements stagnatio...

An important feature of continents and oceans is that they are underlain by chemically distinct mantle, made intrinsically buoyant and highly viscous by melt depletion and accompanying dehydration, respectively. Of interest here are the influences of these preexisting chemical boundary layers on small-scale convective processes (as opposed to large-scale processes, which govern the drift of con...

Recent high-resolution large-eddy simulations (LES) of a stable atmospheric boundary layer (SBL) with mesh sizes N=(5123,10243,20483) or spacings ▵=(0.78,0.39,0.2) m are analyzed. The LES solutions judged to be converged based on the good collapse vertical profiles mean winds, temperature, and low-order turbulence moments, i.e., fluxes variances, increasing N. largest discrepancy is in stably s...