A current aim of nutrigenetics is to personalize nutritional practices according to genetic variations that influence the way of digestion and metabolism of nutrients introduced with the diet. Nutritional epigenetics concerns knowledge about the effects of nutrients on gene expression. Nutrition in early life or in critical periods of development, may have a role in modulating gene expression, ...

Background and objectives: Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignant diseases among women worldwide. In Iraq there are noticeable elevation in incidence rates and prevalence of advanced stages of breast cancer. Cobalamin (vitamin B12) is essential micronutrient involved in one carbon metabolism and DNA methylation, which affects cancer. All of these may be change in breast cancer. Th...

The development of ectopic breast tissue is attributable to the failure of primitive mammary tissue to regress after the development of the mammary ridge, except at pectoral breast sites, and is most often evident in the axillae. Several benign and malignant breast diseases have been reported in ectopic axillary breast tissues. The most common cancerous pathology of ectopic breast tissue is inv...

The relationship between thyroid and breast diseases has been documented, but the clinical significance of Graves' disease and breast cancer is unclear. We present a young patient with a history of Graves' disease who developed a multicentric infiltrating ductal carcinoma of the breast several months after discontinuing her treatment with propylthiouracil. Early-onset breast cancer in women wit...

OBJECTIVE This study was carried out to observe the prevalence breast diseases of males in our setup. METHOD All cases of male breast disease diagnosed from 1991-97. RESULTS One hundred and fifty (150) cases of male breast diseases were diagnosed. Age of the patients ranged from 4 to 90 years, with mean age 38.75 years (median = 33 years). Gynecomastia was the most common pathological abnor...

Because of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and lactation, diagnostic ultrasound of the breast during these periods is a challenge for physicians. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of imaging, anatomy, and physiology of the breast is important to effectively diagnosing diseases that can arise in women who are pregnancy or lactating. The aim of this article was to rev...

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the outline and pattern of male and female breast diseases in Saudi Arabia. METHODS The study consisted of 953 consecutive female breast biopsies and mastectomies. Information on these cases were retrieved from the records of the laboratory. Outline of breast lesions were tabulated and classified into inflammatory, benign and malignant lesions. RESULTS Benign lesions c...

Lactation is under homeostatic control, and sustained milk stasis or weaning leads to mammary gland involution. This transition is under the control of systemic and local factors. Of all the phases of mammary gland development, involution is the least well understood. Recent epidemiological observations suggest that involution events promote breast diseases, including breast cancer. This has re...