Tolman proposed that complex animal behavior is mediated by the cognitive map, an integrative learning system that allows animals to reconfigure previous experience in order to compute predictions about the future. The discovery of place cells in the rodent hippocampus immediately suggested a plausible neural mechanism to fulfill the 'map' component of Tolman's theory. Recent work examining hip...

The activity of ensembles of hippocampal place cells represents a hallmark of an animal's spatial experience. The neuronal mechanisms that enable the rapid expression of novel place cell sequences are not entirely understood. Here we report that during sleep or rest, distinct sets of hippocampal temporal sequences in the rat preplay multiple corresponding novel spatial experiences with high spe...

The rat hippocampus contains cells that are characterized by location-specific firing. Previous work has shown that the angular position of hippocampal place cell firing fields is accurately controlled by the position of visual cues, suggesting that vision plays a important role in triggering place cell activity. However, a role for other types of information has also been suggested because pla...

The hippocampal formation is involved in navigation, and its neuronal activity exhibits a variety of spatial correlates (e.g., place cells, grid cells). The quantification of the information encoded by spikes has been standard procedure to identify which cells have spatial correlates. For place cells, most of the established metrics derive from Shannon's mutual information (Shannon, 1948), and ...

Hippocampal place cells fire selectively when a rat occupies a particular location. Under certain conditions, the cells briefly represent trajectories along locations away from the rat's current location. New results lend important insight into this phenomenon and demonstrate spatiotemporally coherent, cognitive representations that are independent of current sensory input.

As subjects perceive the sensory world, different stimuli elicit a number of neural representations. Here, a subjective distance between stimuli is defined, measuring the degree of similarity between the underlying representations. As an example, the subjective distance between different locations in space is calculated from the activity of rodent's hippocampal place cells and lateral septal ce...

We present a new Algorithm for In-Place Rectangular Transposition of an m by n matrix A that is efficient. In worst case it is O(N logN) where N = mn. It uses a bit-vector of size IWORK words to further increase its efficiency. When IWORK=0 no extra storage is used. We also review some of the other existing algorithms for this problem. These contributions were made by Gower, Windley, Knuth, Mac...

Interactions between genotype and environment are a crucial component to investigate in plant breeding. In order identify those with specific or stable adaptability place, breeders routinely test desirable lines hybrids variety of situations. Most quantitative traits, including yield, height, thousand seed weight, other essential exhibit GXE interactions. conversations vital the development ass...

objective: various practical methods have been used for pregnancy diagnosis in sheep. methods of pregnancy diagnosis depending on visualization of the conceptus or determination of its secretory products in the maternal blood or in the milk are the most accurate and specific methods for pregnancy. in 1980, b-mode ultrasonography was introduced in the veterinary field and used for pregnancy diag...