This paper evaluates performance of human subjects and instances of a bidding model that interact in continuous-time double auction experiments. Asks submitted by instances of the seller model (“automated sellers”) maximize the seller’s expected surplus relative to a heuristic belief function, and arrive stochastically according to an exponential distribution. Automated buyers are similar. Acro...

Problem statement: Due to a behavior of buyers effects to a growth of marketing, then a group of agreement of buyers and buyers’ behavior on eventually placing orders are investigating. Approach: In this study, a discrete-time consensus protocol for a scale-free buyer networks is proposed. Herein, an initial purchase intention of each buyer is defined to be active or non-active and an impulse s...

In the context of electronic commerce, the problem of unfair ratings arises when modeling the trustworthiness of a selling agent relies (partially) on propagation of ratings provided by buying agents that have personal experience with the seller. Extreme diversity of open and dynamic electronic marketplaces causes difficulties in handling unfair ratings in trust management systems. To ease this...

the credit portfolio management and the optimal credit portfolio selection are identified as one of the most effective factors in banks’ credit risk. two main strategies in this regard include diversification versus concentration. in this study, at first, the status of diversification of iran’s banking sector is analyzed, then the relationship between diversification of the credit portfolio and...

the letter of credit as a method of smoothing international payment is a conditional security and obligation to pay the customer bank (issuing bank) to seller (applicant). for this purpose, the letters of credit may be considered as the most usual method of payment of goods price in international trade. the classic form of letters of credit is the commercial letters of credit whose financial ob...

OBJECTIVE To investigate whether people who buy wine buy healthier food items than those who buy beer. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING Supermarkets in Denmark. Data Information on number, type of item, and total charge from 3.5 million transactions over a period of six months. RESULTS Wine buyers bought more olives, fruit and vegetables, poultry, cooking oil, and low fat cheese, mil...

I show that the presence of informed buyers is necessary but not always su cient for producers to use prices as signals of product quality. A su ciently high fraction of informed buyers eliminates the lemons problem. A small fraction of informed buyers mitigates the lemons problem, provided that buyers' prior belief of high quality is su ciently pessimistic : price reveals high quality at a sig...

There are many situations in which buyers have a significant stake in what a firm learns about their demands. Specifically, any time that price discrimination is possible on an individual bases and repeat purchases are likely, buyers possess incentives for strategic manipulation of demand information. A simple two-period model in which a monopolist endeavors to learn about the demand parameter ...