1 Lawrence JS. Disc degeneration: its frequency and relationship to symptoms. Ann Rheum Dis 1969;28:121-38. 2 Orwoll ES, Oviatt SK, Mann T. The impact of osteophytic and vascular calcifications on vertebral mineral density measurements in men. J Clin EndocrinolMetab 1990;70:1202-7. 3 Reid IR, Evans MC, Ames R, Wattie DJ. The influence of osteophvtes and aortic calcification on spinal mineral de...

Acute heart failure is always an indication for referral to an intensive care unit. In the widest sense, the term acute heart failure includes the manifestation forms of pulmonary edema, cardiogenic shock or rapid-onset decompensated cardiac insufficiency unaccompanied by shock or pulmonary edema (low-output syndrome). Acute heart failure may occur in the absence of previously known heart disea...

background: normokalemic periodic paralysis is an autosomal dominant disorder involving the abnormal function of skeletal muscle’s voltage-gated alpha-subunits. it is characterized by paralysis attack of varying severity with concomitant normal serum potassium concentration. although normokalemic periodic paralysis is well established in the literature, but its cardiac manifestations are very r...

Spinal anesthesia has been regarded as safe and simple technique since its introduction into anesthesia practice. Bradycardia and hypotension under spinal anesthesia is a known phenomenon. However sudden unexpected bradycardia and cardiac arrest under spinal anesthesia is considered as rare and uncommon manifestation. On the contrary, as per current reviews, severe bradycardia and cardiac arres...

Epacs (exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP) are guanine-nucleotide-exchange factors for the Ras-like small GTPases Rap1 and Rap2. Epacs were discovered in 1998 as new sensors for the second messenger cAMP acting in parallel to PKA (protein kinase A). As cAMP regulates many important physiological functions in brain and heart, the existence of Epacs raises many questions regarding their...

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a systemic disease that is presented with different symptoms and signs. Cardiac manifestation is rare in ALL, but it is very important and needs appropriate management. It usually presents as leukemic myocardial infiltration and in the presence of cardiac mass comprehensive evaluation for other etiologies is mandatory. We reported on a 6-year-old boy in rem...

Amyloid deposits in the heart are not exceptional in systemic amyloidosis. The clinical manifestations of cardiac amyloidosis may include restrictive cardiomyopathy, characterized by progressive diastolic and eventually systolic bi-ventricular dysfunction; arrhythmia; and conduction defects. To the best of our knowledge, no previous cases of isolated tricuspid regurgitation as the initial manif...