Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART)-IR axons densely innervate the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), partly arising from neuronal perikarya in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. The source of the remaining CART innervation, however, is unknown. We have recently demonstrated that neurons co-containing adrenaline and CAR...

BACKGROUND The development of HIV drug resistance and subsequent virological failure are often cited as potential disadvantages of early cART initiation. However, their long-term probability is not known, and neither is the role of duration of infection at the time of initiation. METHODS Patients enrolled in the UK Register of HIV seroconverters were followed-up from cART initiation to last H...

Administration of cocaine and amphetamine increases cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) expression in the rat striatum (Douglass et al., 1995). CART mRNA is highly expressed in different parts of the human and rat brain, including hippocampus (Douglass et al., 1995; Couceyro et al., 1997; Kuhar and Yoho, 1999; Hurd and Fagergren, 2000). The presence of CART peptide 55-102 immun...

this paper deals with a globally convergent adaptive and sliding mode control of a cart-pole inverted pendulum for trajectory tracking in the presence of a bounded measurement noise and parameter uncertainty. two kinds of controllers have been used for evaluation of tracking error in presence of a bounded noise; as a result, we want to compare that at what time we can see the convergence of tra...

background: our study aimed to determine if alteration of metabolic parameters is associated with the severity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), or with the type of antiretroviral treatment (art).materials and methods: in a cross-sectional study among 114 hiv infected patients, we measured hematological and biochemical parame...

Sustained immune activation during chronic HIV infection is considered to augment co-morbidity and mortality. Effective combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has shown to dampen immune activation especially during the first year cART, but the effects of long-term cART in patients without major comorbidities remains under-investigated. We performed a comprehensive analysis including cellular...

CART peptides are anorexigenic and are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, as well as in endocrine cells in the pituitary, adrenal medulla and the pancreatic islets. To study the role of CART in islet function, we used CART null mutant mice (CART KO mice) and examined insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro, and expression of islet hormones and markers of beta-cell fu...

The distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide (79-102)-like immunoreactivity (CART-LI) was quantified in brain and peripheral tissues of male and female Wistar rats, and male obese (fa/fa) and heterozygous (Fa/+) Zucker rats using a specific RIA. CART-LI tissue levels have not been quantified previously. The assay, using cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript ...

Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptides are widely distributed throughout the neuraxis, including regions associated with energy balance. CART's classification as a catabolic neuropeptide is based on its inhibitory effects on feeding, coexpression with arcuate nucleus proopiomelanocortin neurons, and on limited analysis of its energy expenditure effects. Here, we investiga...

Purpose: Cocaineand amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide exerts several regulatory functions acting both as neurotransmitter and hormone. We recently showed that CART is expressed in various neuroendocrine tumors, including small bowel carcinoids. The main objective of the present study was to examine whether CART expression is associated with survival in patients with small bowel ca...