arthur schopenhauer, in four aspects root of the principle of sufficient reason, criticized kant’s interpretation of causality, which is written in the second analogy contained in the section of principles of pure understanding. these criticisms express themselves along three main axes. by considering these criticisms, this article seeks to defend kant’s account and to show that schopenhauer di...

energy as an important production factor has significant effects on economic growth. identifying the relationship between energy and economic growth can help to improve governmental energy policies. applying ardl and ecm methods, this paper examines the longrun and shortrun causality relationships between (1) energy consumption and economic growth and (2) energy consumption and employment in va...

The study of causality or causal inference – how much a given treatment causally affects a given outcome in a population – goes way beyond correlation or association analysis of variables, and is critical in making sound data driven decisions and policies in a multitude of applications. The gold standard in causal inference is performing controlled experiments, which often is not possible due t...

Predictive runtime analysis has been proposed to improve the effectiveness of concurrent program analysis and testing. By observing one execution trace of the running system, predictive runtime analysis extracts a causality relation among runtime events, which is then used as an abstract model of the program and checked against desired properties. This way, one can predict concurrency errors wi...

In contrast to the standard physical theories which model systems by the continuum, Petri proposed a combinatorial representation of a spacetime — concurrent structures (with occurrence nets as a special case thereof) in which notions corresponding to the relativistic concepts of world line and causal cone can be defined by means of the concurrency and causal dependence relations, repectively. ...

Few studies have examined the relation between childhood maltreatment and adult suicidality within the context of a coherent theoretical model. The current study evaluates the ability of the hopelessness theory of depression's (Abramson, Metalsky, & Alloy, 1989) etiological chain to account for this relation in a sample of 297 undergraduates. Supporting the model, emotional, but not physical or...

In order to keep the economic growing, the Chinese government released series of public policies with regard to stimulate consumption and expand domestic demand. This paper, based on the series data of GDP, Per Capita Annual Disposable Income of Urban Households (PCAD), and Per Capita Annual Net Income of Rural Households (PCAN) of Gansu province from 1978 to 2007, analyzed the relationship and...

In this thesis, we study the importance of background knowledge in relation extraction systems. We not only demonstrate the benefits of leveraging background knowledge to improve the systems’ performance but also propose a principled framework that allows one to effectively incorporate knowledge into statistical machine learning models for relation extraction. Our work is motivated by the fact ...

The current study examines the empirical relation between energy consumption and industrialization concerning other macroeconomic variables like as infrastructure, manufacturing, capital formation with covering period from 1975 to 2018. Johansen co-integration estimation asserts long-run association in this process. Whatever granger causality shows bidirectional electricity industrialization. C...

The Vector Pion form factor below 1 GeV is analyzed using experimental data on its modulus, the P-wave pion pion phase shifts and dispersion relation. It is found that causality is satisfied. Using dispersion relation, terms proportional to s 2 and s3 are calculated using the experimental data, where s is the momentum transfer. They are much larger than the one-loop and two-loop Chiral Perturba...