The aim of the study is to examine causal relationship between VIX index, oil price, dollar and BIST-Tourism index in context global EPU February 1997 September 2022. To achieve this aim, Fourier Toda Yamamoto (TY) causality test fractional TY were used. results show that there a one-way causative price. In addition, it seen bidirectional index. According obtained from test, BIST-tourism was fo...

The effect of defense expenditure on economic growth is the subject many debates. This study investigates relationship between and applying Granger causality test. To do this, data military expenditure, gross domestic product, capital formation from six countries are analyzed. They are: Brazil, China, United States America, France, Kingdom Russia. findings indicate for some these countries.

This paper develops a multivariate model to test the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy for the economic growth in five Asian Countries (Pakistan, India, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia). Most of the previous studies in this area have paid less attention to stationarity, cointegration and causality issues. The series M1 (Money Stock), Government Expenditure, GDP and exports are tested...

To protect against risks arising from fluctuations in spot prices and better manage risk, investors might evaluate futures markets. The role of price discovery the markets possibility reducing certain increase importance researching relationship between prices. This study aims to determine whether there is a Bitcoin this end, two analyzed using Johansen Cointegration analysis Vector Error Corre...

Monthly data for the period between January 2008 and December 2012 were examined in this study which investigated the relationship between consumer confidence index (CCI) and online credit card using (CCU). The variables were found to have an integrated structure after testing of the collected data with Hatemi-J cointegration test (2008) which enables two-structural break. It has been observed ...

This paper examines co-integration and the causal relationship between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and the economic output or Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the both short and long run of Bangladesh, Pakistan and India over the period of 1972-2008. Three econometric models, viz. Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test, Engle-Granger two-step co-integration test, Vector error correction mechanis...

This study examines the long-run relationship between carbon emissions and energy consumption, income and foreign trade in the case of China by employing time series data of 1975–2005. In particular the study aims at testing whether environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and per capita real GDP holds in the long run or not. Auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) me...

This paper examines the relationship between firm performance and ownership structure for listed and OTC manufacturing firms in Taiwan. By classifying ownership into three categories (managerial owners, institutional owners and the control group), the study addresses two related empirical issues—the commonly examined piecewise and the Granger causality relationships between ownership and perfor...

Emerging economies have grown much faster than the advanced countries during the past decades. This study investigates the relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption in the emerging economies during the period 1970-2011 by using Pedroni, Kao and Johansen co-integration tests and Granger causality tests. We found that electricity consumption had a positive impact on the eco...