The glutamate transporter GLT-1 is responsible for the largest proportion of total glutamate transport. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ceftriaxone (CEF) robustly increases GLT-1 expression. In addition, physiological studies have shown that GLT-1 up-regulation strongly affects synaptic plasticity, and leads to an impairment of the prepulse inhibition, a simple form of information proce...

Immune monitoring of T cell responses increasingly relies on the use of peptide pools. Peptides, when restricted by the same HLA allele, and presented from within the same peptide pool, can compete for HLA binding sites. What impact such competition has on functional T cell stimulation, however, is not clear. Using a model peptide pool that is comprised of 32 well-defined viral epitopes from Cy...

Cyclic electron flux (CEF) around Photosystem I (PS I) is difficult to quantify. We obtained the linear electron flux (LEFO2) through both photosystems and the total electron flux through PS I (ETR1) in Arabidopsis in CO2-enriched air. ΔFlux = ETR1 - LEFO2 is an upper estimate of CEF, which consists of two components, an antimycin A-sensitive, PGR5 (proton gradient regulation 5 protein)-depende...

Higher plant cell walls are the major source of the cellulose used in a variety of industries. Cellulose in plant forms nanoscale fibrils that are embedded in non-cellulosic matrix polymers in the cell walls. The morphological features of plant cellulose fibrils such as the size, shape, and arrangement, are still poorly understood due to its inhomogeneous nature and the limited resolution of th...

Whereas linear electron flow (LEF) in photosynthesis produces both ATP and NADPH, the cyclic electron flow (CEF) around photosystem I has been shown to produce only ATP. Two alternative routes have been shown for CEF; NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH)- and ferredoxin:plastoquinone oxidoreductase (FQR)-dependent flows, but their physiological relevance has not been elucidated in detail. Meanwhile, bec...

Jun is a transcription factor belonging to the activator protein 1 family. A mutated version of Jun (v-Jun) transduced by the avian retrovirus ASV17 induces oncogenic transformation in avian cell cultures and sarcomas in young galliform birds. The oncogenicity of Jun probably results from transcriptional deregulation of v-Jun-responsive target genes. Here we describe the identification and char...

One of the major players in the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is disrupted homeostasis of glutamatergic neurotransmission, resulting in elevated extracellular glutamate (Glu) concentrations and excitotoxicity-related cell death. In the brain, Glu concentrations are regulated by Glu transporters, including Glu transporter-1 (GLT-1) and cystine/Glu antiporter (system xc-). Modulation of th...

Alcohol consumption and the reinstatement of alcohol-seeking rely on glutamate and GABA transmission. Modulating these neurotransmitters may be a viable treatment strategy to prevent alcohol relapse. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and the antibiotic ceftriaxone (CEF) alter the glial reuptake and release of glutamate while the antibiotic cefazolin (CEFAZ) modulates GABA signaling without affecting gluta...

been pretreated with a single subthreshold dose of a carcin ogen (2, 6, 9, 44). If either treatment is omitted or if the order of treatments is reversed, no tumors result. On the other hand, delay of up to a year between exposure to the carcinogen and the subsequent exposure to the phorbob derivative do not prevent tumor appearance. The reversibil ity of the action of the phorbol esters and the...

This paper empirically tests the determinants of closed-end fund (CEF) prices by employing cointegration and error-correction modeling with an advanced ARDL framework. Since CEF shares generally trade at discounts to their net asset value (NAV), we modeled prices, including volatility economic policy indices along NAVs. The present study consists 31 monthly frequency discount data from January ...