0144-8617/$ see front matter Published by Elsevier doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.11.048 q Names are necessary to report factually on availa neither guarantees nor warrants the standards of the name USDA implies no approval of the products to the also be suitable. * Corresponding authors. Tel.: +1 504 286 4450; Cheng), tel.: +1 309 681 6406 (A. Biswas). E-mail addresses: [email protected] (H.N....

Here we report the production of highly thermal stable and functional cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibrils (CNF) by hydrolysis using concentrated organic acids. Due to their low water solubility, these solid organic acids can be easily recovered after hydrolysis reactions through crystallization at a lower or ambient temperature. When dicarboxylic acids were used, the resultant CNC surf...

BACKGROUND Obtaining a better understanding of the complex mechanisms occurring during lignocellulosic deconstruction is critical to the continued growth of renewable biofuel production. A key step in bioethanol production is thermochemical pretreatment to reduce plant cell wall recalcitrance for downstream processes. Previous studies of dilute acid pretreatment (DAP) have shown significant cha...

Introduction Sulfuric acid was first assessed to be carcinogenic in 1997 in a report of the World Health organization WHO (IARC). Based on this report, the Senate committee dealing with the control of harmful substances in the workplace submitted the first proposal justifying a lower occupational exposure limit [2].This proposal contained a list of many individual studies. In the investigations...

Brewer’s spent grain components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) were fractionated in a two-step chemical pretreatment process using dilute sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions. The cellulose pulp produced was hydrolyzed with a cellulolytic complex, Celluclast 1.5 L, at 45 C to convert the cellulose into glucose. Several conditions were examined: agitation speed (100, 150 and 200 r...

We have studied the hydration of sulfuric acid – ammonia and sulfuric acid – dimethylamine clusters using quantum chemistry. We calculated the formation energies and thermodynamics for clusters of one ammonia or one dimethylamine molecule together with 1–2 sulfuric acid and 0–5 water molecules. The results indicate that dimethylamine enhances the addition of sulfuric acid to the clusters much m...

Salix psammophila (SP) is an important sand plant, and could be utilized to develop high-value products. In this work, SP was used as raw material cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) were prepared by hydrolysis in 64 wt% sulfuric acid (H2SO4) solution, then, TEMPO/NaBr/NaClO system oxidize CNC obtain TEMPO-oxidation-cellulose (TOCNC). Fourier transform infrared analysis (FTIR) revealed that after oxid...

Nitrocellulose is cellulose that titrated into an ester polymer which can be used as a major component in several types of ammunition and explosives other materials. Hemp (Boehmeria nivea) type fiber plant rich thrives Indonesia. Until now, the need for nitrocellulose Indonesia still imported, even though there lot potential exploited, one by synthesizing from hemp plant. One many uses derivati...

The preparation of 5-bromo-2-naphthol (4) in three steps from 5-amino-2-naphthol (1) is described. A sulfonic acid group is introduced at the 1-position as an activating and protecting group for the Sandmeyer reaction. The sulfonate group allows for the use of only water and sulfuric acid as solvents. The sulfonic acid is introduced with three equivalents of sulfuric acid, and it is removed in ...

We have investigated the thermodynamics of sulfuric acid dimer hydration using ab initio quantum mechanical methods. For (H(2)SO(4))(2)(H(2)O)(n) where n = 0-6, we employed high-level ab initio calculations to locate the most stable minima for each cluster size. The results presented herein yield a detailed understanding of the first deprotonation of sulfuric acid as a function of temperature f...