"Degree of certainty" refers to the subjective belief, prior to feedback, that a decision is correct. A reliable estimate of certainty is essential for prediction, learning from mistakes, and planning subsequent actions when outcomes are not immediate. It is generally thought that certainty is informed by a neural representation of evidence at the time of a decision. Here we show that certainty...

Simon’s and Theil’s certainty equivalence property justifies a convenient algorithm for solving dynamic programming problems with quadratic objectives and linear transition laws: first, optimize under perfect foresight, then substitute optimal forecasts for unknown future values. A similar decomposition into separate optimization and forecasting steps prevails when a decision maker wants a deci...

With different nuances and from diverse analyses, scholars agree to maintain that the interaction of law and natural philosophy contributed to originate distinctive conceptual categories such as facts, certainty, and probability during the early-modern period. From this historiographical account, Francis Bacon has been highlighted as one of the most influential authors who merged legal thinking...

Texts exhibit subtle yet identifiable modality about writers’ estimation of how true each statement is (e.g., definitely true or somewhat true). This study is an analysis of such explicit certainty and doubt markers in epistemically modalized statements for a written news discourse. The study systematically accounts for five levels of writer’s certainty (ABSOLUTE, HIGH, MODERATE, LOW CERTAINTY ...

Acquisition policy and, even more so, acquisition practice today presumes that certainty is key to success, and that uncertainty or delays in achieving certainty regarding user needs or solution approach will necessarily impede progress. This means that when uncertainty arises during an acquisition effort, the natural response is to make decisions that resolve this uncertainty. Uncertainties ar...

EPficient use of intelligent information systems nzquires tools that can ass& not only in finding information that can be deduced from the databases, but also in inferring missing information using similatity and statistical-based measures adapted from artificial intell igence. Inductive dependencies provide an expressive way to achieve this goal. Relationships that are not functional can be v&...

It is well known that the noise in labels deteriorates the performance of active learning. To reduce the noise, works on multiple oracles have been proposed. However, there is still no way to guarantee the label quality. In addition, most previous works assume that the noise level of oracles is evenly distributed or example-independent which may not be realistic. In this paper, we propose a nov...

OBJECTIVE  To examine the effect of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) versus surgical replacement of an aortic valve (SAVR) in patients with severe aortic stenosis at low and intermediate risk of perioperative death. DESIGN  Systematic review and meta-analysis DATA SOURCES:  Medline, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL. STUDY SELECTION  Randomized trials of TAVI compared with SAVR in ...

It is shown that any stabilizing, certainty equivalence control used within an adaptive control system, causes the familiar interconnection of a controlled process and associated output estimator to be detectable through the estimator's output error ep, for every frozen value of the index or parameter vector p upon which both the estimator and controller dynamics depend. The fact that certainty...

The. development of automated assistance for medical diagnosis and decision making is an area of both theoretical and practical interest. Of methods for utilizing evidence to select diagnoses or decisions, probability theory has the firmest appeal. Probability theory in the form of Bayes’ Theorem has been used by a number of" workers (Ross, 1972). Notable among recent developments are those of ...